1. People Smuggling and People Trafficking Tamara Goodwin 2006 edited by Stephen Hoadley 2008

2. People Smuggling
the procurement, for financial or material gain, of the illegal entry into a state of which the individual is neither a citizen nor a permanent resident
transit hazards
covert arrivals
asylum seeking
deportation

3. People smuggling Is a crime against states’ rights to control ingress
Is irresponsible and a hazard to those smuggled
Reinforces transnational criminal activities
Can lead to trafficking and slavery

5. People Trafficking
The use of physical force, fraud or deception to obtain and transport people
Article 3 (a) of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children: “Trafficking in persons shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purposes of exploitation.”

6. Trafficking Is a violation of fundamental human rights
Is a crime against individuals
Is a form of modern slavery
Reinforces transnational criminal networks
Is nearly as profitable as international drugs and weapons trafficking
Trafficked or enslaved women and children can be re-used and produce long-term profit
Is difficult to prosecute because of victims’ indimidation, fear, ignorance, lack of opportunity

7. Routes From Asia and the Middle East and Africa to Western Europe
South America to the United States and Canada
From Middle East and Asia though Indonesia to Australia
By sea, land, and air

11. Domestic Countermeasures
Border protection
Navy, Coastguard, ranger patrols
Border protection staff
Customs, Immigration, and Police work
Legislation
Tougher penalties and laws that allow law enforcement and immigration agencies to chase, board, move and destroy vessels suspected of carrying illegal immigrants.
New Zealand: amendments to the Customs and Excise Act in 2002
Australia: Border Protection Legislation Amendment Act 1999
EU attempts to agree on common border protection policy
Prosecution of smugglers and traffickers

13. Australian policies Alleviate root causes Intercept
Deflect (Pacific Solution)
Detect
Detain
Prosecute
Deport
Protect
Induct

17. Domestic Curbs
Detention Centres

19. International Coutermeasures 1
Intergovernmental Consultations on Asylum, Refugees and Migration Policies in Europe, North America and Australia began in late 1990s
Bangkok Declaration of 1999
Regional Ministerial Conference on People Smuggling, Trafficking in Persons and Related Transnational Crime held in Bali in 2002

20. International Countermeasures 2
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, which came into force on the 25 December 2003:
facilitate return of children
prohibit the trafficking of children for purposes of commercial sexual exploitation of children, exploitative labour practices or the removal of body parts;
ensure that trafficked persons are not punished for any offences or activities related to their having been trafficked, such as prostitution and immigration violations;
consider temporary or permanent residence in countries of transit or destination for trafficking victims in exchange for testimony against alleged traffickers, or on humanitarian and compassionate grounds;
Signatories: 117, Parties: 97

21. International Countermeasures 3
Palermo Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air came into force on the 28 January 2004:
The Protocol is aimed at the protection of rights of migrants and the reduction of the power and influence of organized criminal groups that abuse migrants. It emphases on the need to provide migrants with humane treatment, and of the need for comprehensive international approaches to combating smuggling, including socio-economic measures that address the root causes of migration.
Signatories: 112, Parties: 89

22. Good sources www.state.gov click on trafficking issue
Both have basic information on the problem, statistics, recent events, and countermeasures.
Both have country-by-country reports