1. Lesson objectives: To be able to explain how LIC volcanic eruptions can be managed in the long term

2. Where are volcanoes located?
What is the ring of fire?
What are lahars?
Why might LICs manage volcanoes differently to HICs?

3. Where are volcanoes located
Where are volcanoes located? Volcanoes are found along destructive (subducting) plate boundaries, constructive (divergent) plate boundaries and at hot spots in the earth's surface.
What is the Ring of Fire? A volcanic chain surrounding the Pacific Ocean. It is formed along a destructive (subducting) plate boundary.
What are lahars and pyroclastic flows? The most destructive aspect of volcanoes are lahars and pyroclastic flows.
Lahars are volcanic mudflows created when water (from rain or melt water from glaciers) and ash mix. This deadly combination can have devastating results on the surrounding area. When lahars settle they can be metres thick and as hard as cement. Lahars can occur long after a volcanic eruption.

8. Cinder cone volcanoes Cinder cones
build from lava that is blown violently into the air and breaks into fragments.
As the lava pieces fall back to the ground, they cool and harden into cinders (lava fragments about ½ inch in diameter) that pile up around the volcano's vent.
Cinder cones are the smallest volcanoes and are cone-shaped.

9. What information should we include in a case study?
LIC management of volcanoes

10. Mount Nyiragongo – DR Congo
Key facts
Full name: Democratic Republic of the Congo
Population: 67.7 million (UN, 2011)
Major religions: Christianity, Islam
Life expectancy: 47 years (men), 51 years (women) (UN)
Monetary unit: 1 Congolese franc = 100 centimes
Main exports: Diamonds, copper, coffee, cobalt, crude oil
GNI per capita: US $180 (World Bank, 2010)

11. Mount Nyiragongo is a composite volcano
It is located in an area with several other volcanoes and has erupted 34 times since 1882
Mount Nyiragongo is located roughly 10 km (6 miles) north of the town of Goma
The eruption destroyed 15% of Goma, including part of the international airport and the business centre.
147 people died from breathing in carbon dioxide and being trapped in collapsing buildings
Tens of thousands of people were made homeless and 400,000 people evacuated
Lava flows created fires in the commercial centre. There were explosions, possibly as cars and petrol stations exploded

12. Cause
Effect
Response

14. Do HICs or LICs cope better with hazards?