1. Nylon

2. Nylon The word “Nylon” is a generic term
Used for a group of chemical compounds classified as “polyamides”
Nylon is known as “polyamide” as it contains 85% amide linkages

3. Types of Nylon: 1. Naylon 6,6 2. Nylon 6 3. Nylon 11 4. Nylon 6, 10

4. Nylon 6,6 Raw Materials: Hexa Methylene Diamine -H₂N(CH₂)₆NH₂-
Adipic Acid C6 H10 O4

5. Nylon 6,6
Production of Polymer: Hexamethylene adipamide which subsequently polymerizes with further elimination of water to produce nylon polymer The reaction is carried out in an inert atmosphere (nitrogen gas) at 280 degree centigrade for 4 hours

6. The water formed in the reaction is removed from the mixture
When required viscosity is obtained, the polymer reaction is stopped
The molten polymer is extruded from the autoclave on to water-cooled casting wheel in the form of ribbons
The polymer ribbons are solidified on casting
wheel

7. Cool Casting Wheel

8. These ribbons are cut into chips by dicing machine
The chips are collected in storage bins
The wet chips are dried in air in rotary dryers
The chips obtained from different lots are mixed to ensure uniformity of final product
The chips are transferred to spinning section for the manufacture of filaments

9. Polmer chips

10. Spinning: Nylon is spun after melting and the process is called “melt spinning” The chips of nylon polymer are fed through a hopper of spinning vessel the chips are dropped on an electrically heated grid (perforated metal plate) the perforations of heated grid are so small that chips do not pass but melted into liquid

11. The molten polymer passes through holes of the grid and collected at the bottom of spinning vessel
The nitrogen gas is introduced into spinning vessel to exclude air or oxygen
The molten polymer is kept at temp about 280 degree centigrade and sucked by pump into spinneret through filter, which consists of several layers of metal gauze

13. The filter removes any solid impurity present in molten polymer
The spinneret consist of steel plate of 0.25” thick and 2-3” in diameter having fine holes of 0.01” diameter in it
The molten polymer in the form of filaments solidifies as soon as it emerges out of spinneret
The filaments formed pass through a cooling chamber in which cold air is circulated

14. The temperature of filaments is dropped to about 70 degree centigrade in the cooling chamber
The filaments are passed through steam chamber to wet them before winding on a bobbin
The filaments are spun at speed of about 1200 m/min

15. Stretching and drawing: Nylon filaments obtained after spinning are not very strong these filaments are drawn 4-7 times to their original lengths these filaments are taken on to guide rollers and then to draw rollers the speed of draw rollers is 4-7 times faster than guide rollers

16. Structure of Nylon
Nylon 6,6 can be produced with circular cross section and trilobal section
The physical and chemical properties of trilobal cross section are quite similar to normal cross section fibers but trilobal cross section resulted in fabrics with increased covering power and greater bulk
The length wise view is straight cylindrical rods

18. Properties of Nylon 6,6
Tenacity: regular filament g / denier High tenacity nylon g/ denier Staple g/ denier Tensile strength: Regular filament lb/sq inch High tenacity , lb/sq inch staple lbs/sq inch

19. Elongation: Regular filament: % High tenacity filament: 19-24% Staple: 37-40% Elastic recovery: Highly elastic fiber and standard filament has 100 % recovery till 8% extension High tenacity filament has 100 % recovery till 4 %

20. Has resemblance to rubber but does not recover as quickly as rubber If nylon is allowed to stretch for several days and then allowed to relax, it will cover 50% of its stretch almost immediately but rest of recovery takes place very slowly

21. Abrasion resistance: Excellent Specific gravity: 1
Abrasion resistance: Excellent Specific gravity: 1.14 Effect of moisture: Nylon absorbs only a small amount of moisture as compared with most of natural fibers. Its moisture regain of %

22. The tenacity of thoroughly wet nylon is 80-90% of its dry tenacity The elongation of wet nylon is 5-30% Melting: Approximately 250 degree centigrade Effect of low temperature: Nylon retains its strength well at low temperatures. After several hrs at -40 degree centigrade, a nylon rope does not lose

23. strength and this strength is retained after the rope is reconditioned at normal temperature Flammability: Nylon is less flammable than cotton, rayon, wool or silk. If a flame is applied to a nylon fabric, the material melts Effect of age: Negligible

24. Effect of sunlight: Nylon is affected by prolonged exposure to light there is gradual loss of strength but little or no discolouration Effect of acid : Dilute acids have little effect on nylon Hot acids like HCl and H2SO4however decompose nylon

25. Alkalies: It has excellent resistance to alkalis
Alkalies: It has excellent resistance to alkalis. It can be boiled in strong caustic soda solutions without damage Effect of Insects: It is not affected by insects Effect of microorganisms: It is not weakened by moulds or bacteria

26. Electrical properties:
The low moisture absorption of nylon encourages the accumulation of static electricity but the effects may be overcome by use of antistatic finishes and static eliminators
End uses:
used for sports wear, swimwear and hosiery, socks and gloves
Used in tire cord and conveyor belt

27. Nylon 6 Nylon 6 is known as “Perlon”
Made by self condensation of caprolactm
Raw Material:
Caprolactam
Catalyst: Benzoic Acid
Acid chain stopper: Acetic acid

28. Nylon 6 Production of Polymer:
Caprolactam is available in white solid flakes
its melting point is 68 degree centigrade
It is soluble in water
Polymerization is carried out in autoclave
Autoclave is heated at degree centigrade
The autoclave is fed continuously with hot caprolactam mixed with acid promoter and acid chain stopper from its top

29. Caprolactam Flakes

30. Chemical Structure of Nylon 6

32. Acid chain stopper is acetic acid, this acid prevent further polymerization by replacing end groups
Polymerization is stopped when desired viscosity is reached
During the down flow, polymerization takes place and at bottom of autoclave, a highly viscous molten polymer solution is collected
The yield of polymer is extruded into ribbons, solidified by water, dried and chips are made by dicing machine

33. The chips are washed with water at 80 degree centigrade to remove caprolactam, then dried under reduced pressure at a temperature not exceeding 85 degree centigrade in tumble dryers
These chips are used for the production of continuous filaments

34. Spinning
Production of Filament Yarn: Continuous filaments are made by melt spinning Dry polymer are fed to melt spinning vessel Spinning vessel is made of stainless steel and insulated to prevent loss of heat Chips fall on a grid electrically heated to degree centigrade The molten polymer is collected into conical section and then is fed to spinning pump

35. The molten polymer is kept in nitrogen atmosphere to prevent decomposition by air
Passing through packs of graded gauze filters to remove solid impurities before entering the spinneret filters the molten polymer
The molten polymer emerges from spinneret in the form of filaments in a cooling chamber in which cold air is circulated
The filaments are solidified by cold air

36. These filaments are moisturized with water to make them dimensionally stable
The spinning of filaments is carried out in a spinning room maintained at temperature 20 degree centigrade and relative humidity 45 – 55 %

38. Stretching and Drawing: The filaments emerged from spinneret are not strong enough and therefore subjected to treatment of stretching to produce the desired textile properties The filaments are stretched to 3-4 times to their original lengths on stretching rollers to orient a large number of un-oriented macromolecules These filaments pass through the stretching device

39. The filaments are wound on bobbins
The hosiery yarn is given twist about 3 tpi and 7 tpi for a woven cloth
The winding room is maintained at temperature 20 degree centigrade and relative humidity at %

40. Properties
Tenacity: It can be varied by adjustment of manufacturing conditions Standard tenacity: g/denier High tenacity: g/denier Staple : g/denier the greater the degree of stretch during drawing, the greater will be tenacity

41. Tensile strength: Standard: lbs/sq inch High tenacity: 110, lb/sq inch Elongation: Standard: % High tenacity: % Staple: %

42. Elastic recovery: Like nylon 6,6 nylon 6 is highly elastic fiber Its recovery is 100% when extension is 6-8% Its recovery is 85% when extension is 8.5% Resistance to abrasion: It has excellent resistance to abrasion

43. Effect of moisture: % Melting point: 215 degree centigrade Effect of low temperature: The nylon 6 regain its original strength when returned to its room temperature Effect of High temperature: It loses strength with increase in temperature the effect is a condition of thermoplastic nature of fiber

44. Effect of High temperature: It loses strength with increase in temperature the effect is a condition of thermoplastic nature of fiber Flammability: It melts when heated above 215 degree centigrade and it does not support combustion on its own Effect of Age: Negligible Effect of sunlight: It suffer some loss of strength when exposed to sunlight

45. Acids: Dilute acids have little effect on nylon 6
Acids: Dilute acids have little effect on nylon 6. However conc H2SO4, HCl and HNO3 can create damage Alkalis: It has excellent resistance to alkalis. Resistance to microorganisms: Not attacked by moulds or bacteria

46. Insects: It cannot be serve as food for moths or beetles