1. DREAMS HW: DREAM INTERPRETATION ESSAYS DUE TOMORROW!!
Include research sheet
Focus: What are some facts about dreaming and what theories exist about why we dream?

2. Scientific American Frontiers: What’s in a Dream?

3. Dream Facts: 25% of your night’s sleep or 2 hours is spent dreaming.
Sleep Thinking – Vague, uncreative, bland thoughts about real-life events that take place in NREM. Occur more than dreams.
Dreams have 5 basic characteristics:
Emotions can be intense
Content & Organization are usually illogical
Sensations are sometimes bizarre
Bizarre details are uncritically accepted
Dream images are difficult to remember
Dreams occur in both NREM and REM sleep however they are more frequent and last longer in REM.
People usually have 4-5 episodes of dreaming a night. Dreams happen in real time.

4. Brain During REM Sleep
PET scans reveal that brain activity is much different in REM sleep than when you’re awake.
Frontal Lobe and Primary Visual Cortex (registers visual info from retinas) are essentially shut down during REM meaning you are shut out from the external world and rational thought so you accept your dreams no matter how bizarre they are.
Amygdala & hippocampus of the limbic system which deal with emotion and memory are highly active as are the brain’s visual areas.

5. What do we Dream About? Most dreams are about everyday life.
Some themes are found across cultures.
Aggression is more common than friendliness in dreams.
Environmental cues during dreaming may be incorporated into the dream.

6. Why don’t we remember our dreams?
Areas of the brain used in forming memories (frontal lobe) are shut down during REM sleep and neurotransmitters that are used to make memories are greatly reduced.
More likely to remember a dream if you wake up during it.
Visual encoders tend to be better at remembering dreams.
Vivid dreams are more likely to be recalled.
Distractions when you awaken can cause problems with remembering dreams.
Brain seems programmed to forget most of what occurs during sleep.

7. Types of Dreams
True dream—vivid, detailed dreams consisting of sensory and motor sensations experienced during REM
Sleep thought—lacks vivid sensory and motor sensations, is more similar to daytime thinking, and occurs during slow-wave sleep
Lucid dreaming- dreamer controls what happens in the dream.
Keywords: true dream, sleep thought

8. Dream Theories

9. Psychoanalytic Interpretation
Sigmund Freud – Dreams are the fulfillment of wishes. Unacceptable thoughts of sex & aggression are repressed when you are conscious but come forth when you are asleep in the form of dreams.
Dreams were “the royal road to the unconsciousness” and a “safety valve” that allowed for the release of unconscious and unacceptable urges.
Two components of Dreams
Manifest Content – actual dream images themselves
Latent Content – disguised psychological meaning of the dream.
Research does not support his theories.

10. Physiological Function Theory
Neural activity during REM sleep provides periodic stimulation of the brain.

11. Activation Synthesis Model
Brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation) which are combined by the brain into a dream story (synthesis).
Meaning is to be found by analyzing the way the dreamer makes sense of the progression of chaotic dream images.
OR, to put it another way:
Activation of brain stem area (Pons) arouse other brain areas including visual and auditory and limbic systems.
Brain responds to these internally created signals and assigns them meaning using memories, emotions and sensations.

12. Activation-Synthesis Theory
Dreams are the mind’s attempt to make sense of random neural firings in the brain as one sleeps.

13. Information-Processing Theory
Dreams serve an important memory- related function by sorting and sifting through the day’s experiences
Research suggests REM sleep helps memory storage.

14. Cognitive Development Theory
Dreams are a reflection of a person’s knowledge and understanding of their experiences and are useful for cognitive development

16. REM & Memory Consolidation
Memory Consolidation – converting new memories into a long-term, relatively permanent form.
REM seems to help with procedural memories (skills like riding a bike).
REM seems to improve performance on learned tasks.
Brain areas activated during training on a task actually are reactivated during REM sleep perhaps stabilizing the neural connections formed in the recent training experience.

17. Dream Research
“What’s in a Dream?” (13:00) Segment #14 from Scientific American Frontiers: Video Collection for Introductory Psychology (2nd edition).
Dream research with Alan Alda.
What happens biologically when we dream during REM sleep?
Where do stories of our dreams come from?
How brains try to make sense of nonsense.
What kind of tasks are more difficult if you have random sleep loss?
Can dreaming help us learn?