1. Chapter 16 pt. 1: Perspectives on Psychological Disorders and Anxiety

2. Agenda 1. Intro Page and Information (5)
2. Psychological Perspective Debate (20)
3. Notes: Psychological Disorders (20)
4. Dissociative disorder article and questions (10)
5. Child of Rage Clip and Discussion (15)

3. Case
Humanistic
Trait
Psychodynamic
Social Cognitive 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

4. Agenda 1. Intro Page and Information (5)
2. Notes: Psychological Disorders (20)
3. Dissociative disorder article and questions (10)
4. Child of Rage Clip and Discussion (15)
5. Discuss Personality Papers (15)

5. Defining Psychological Disorder
A Psychological Disorder is:
a “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be:
1. atypical- not enough in itself
2. disturbing- varies with time & culture
3. maladaptive- harmful; causes suffering
4. unjustifiable- hard to find logic behind a person’s actions, feelings or thoughts.

6. History of Understanding Psychological Disorders
In Ancient times, disorders were thought to have been caused by movements of the sun and moon (lunacy is full moon) or by evil spirits.
Treatments for people with mental illness were very inhumane even up until the mid 1900’s. Patients were often chained like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, etc.

7. Conditions for Psychologically Disabled
European Traphines “released evil spirits.”
Ancient Greek Traphines

8. Conditions for Psychologically Disabled

9. Conditions for Psychologically Disabled

10. Conditions for Psychologically Disabled

11. Medical Model Improves Conditions
Eventually the medical model came to dominate understandings of mental illness.
Late 1800s
The medical model assumes that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed based on their symptoms and be treated and in most cases cured.
Assumption of medical model drastically improves conditions in mental hospitals.

12. mood-related perceptions definition of normality
Most Mental Health Professionals Assume Disorders Have Interlocking Causes
Biological
(Evolution,
individual
genes, brain
structures
and chemistry)
Psychological
(Stress, trauma,
learned helplessness,
mood-related perceptions
and memories)
Sociocultural
(Roles, expectations,
definition of normality
and disorder)
Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective: assume biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors interact to produce disorders.

13. Classifying Psychological Disorders
DSM-V: the most widely used manual for classifying psychological disorders.
The DSM-V currently lists 297 mental disorders up from 145 in the DSM-II (1968) and 60 in DSM-I (1951).

14. More Criticisms Pros? Cons? Reliable
Need a DSM diagnosis for insurance
Cons?
Almost any behavior can be labeled
Distorts how we perceive others
Prejudice
Self fulfilling prophecy
Does not explain causes

15. Classifying Neurotic vs. Psychotic Disorders
Neurotic disorder
usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially
Freud saw the neurotic disorders as ways of dealing with anxiety
Psychotic disorder
person loses contact with reality
experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

16. Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety Disorders in general refer to disorders that involve persistent and distressing nervousness and apprehension OR maladaptive behaviors which reduce anxiety (defenses against anxiety).
General Characteristics of Anxiety:
Constant worrying, fear, or uncertainty
Feels inadequate
Oversensitive
Difficulty concentrating
May suffer insomnia

17. Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: person is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

18. Anxiety Disorders
Panic Disorder: disorder marked by moments of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain or other frightening sensations. “Panic Attacks.”
1 in 75 ppl

19. Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD): disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

21. Anxiety Disorders
Phobia: disorder marked by persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of specific object or situation.

22. Common Phobias Claustrophobic – fear of tight spaces
Agoraphobic –fear of leaving your home
Acrophobic – Fear of heights
Xenophobic – Fear of other races other than your own

23. Phobias
Triskaidekaphobia

24. Phobia
Trichophobia

25. Anxiety Disorders
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: disorder brought on by traumatic experiences, memories. Characterized by haunting memories and nightmares, social withdrawal, or anxiety.

26. Causes of Anxiety Disorders from Learning Perspective (Behavioral)
1. Fear Conditioning : ex: rape victim may develop fear of being alone in apartment.
2. Stimulus Generalization: ex: fear of heights leads to fear of flying even without flying.
3. Reinforcement (ENCOURAGES behavior): avoiding places you have phobia about rewards you by lessening your anxiety.
4. Observational Learning/Modeling: learn from what you see

27. Causes of Anxiety Disorders from Biological Perspective
1. Evolution: certain fears help us survive.
2. Genes: correlations with identical twins and phobias.
3. Physiology: brain chemistry. Often see increased brain activities in brain areas involving impulse control.
Ex: picture overactive frontal lobe activity involved in directing attention.