1. Revolutions of 1820, 1830 and 1848
Mrs. Craig

2. Concert of Europe Returned monarchies after Napoleon’s defeat
Klemens Metternich of Austria mastermind behind the “Concert”
Goal: Keep France in check
Goal: Stamp out Liberalism or Nationalism anywhere it appears in Europe

3. Revolutions of 1820
Decembrists- Russia
Spain/Portugal
Greeks/ Serbia

4. Decembrists- Russia Boyar class/military background
Found glory in Napoleon’s invasion
Secret Societies -to change Russia
Opportunity arises on death of Czar Alexander I -delay in naming new Czar
Czar Nicholas I puts down disorganized uprising
Sets tone for increased repression in Russia for19th century
How does this compare to The Fronde??

5. Spanish Revolution Bourbon dynasty restored
Ferdinand VII tore up constitutional reforms of 1812 ( under Napoleon); dissolves Cortes.
Revolt against Ferdinand by army officers, merchants, intelligensia
Ferdinand restores constitution and Cortes
Metternich’s policy of intervention comes to Ferdinand’s rescue!- French army used
First challenge to Metternich- Concert split- England leaves.
Monarchy restored
Monroe Doctrine!!

6. Greek/Serbia Want emancipation from Ottoman Turk rule
Greek hero- Ypsilanti (also officer in Russian army) leads several uprising
Romantic sympathy for Greek plight
Balance of power- fear Russian dominance in Balkans increases British/French help to Yps.
Turkish/Egyptian fleet sunk 1827
Treaty of Adrianople- limits Russian territory annexation, recognizes small independent Greek kingdom.

7. Revolutions of 1820 Decembrists- unsuccessful
Spain/Portugal- unsuccessful
Greeks/ Serbia- “Successful”

8. Revolutions of 1830
Italy
Poland
Belgium
France

9. France 1830
Louis XVIII restored/Constitutional Monarchy/ Liberal domestic policies
Charter with Chambers of Peers and Deputies
Returning emigres +Metternich force revocation of Charter
Charles X- conservative- succeeds Louis XVIII
Absolutism returns! Dissolves chamber!
Four Ordinances!!! Causes July Revolution leads to ‘Les Trois Glorieuses’
Charles flees

10. France 1830 Continued Liberal leaders emerge- Thiers and Guizot
Republic versus Constitutional Monarchy
Lafayette??--no
King Louis Philippe
Known as Bourgeois King

11. Poland Congress of Vienna-R & PR fight over Poland
Czar Alex I allows Poland liberal constitution
Nicholas I restricts Polish liberties
Influenced by news of French Rev 1830, revolt
Resist Russia for 1 year- Warsaw falls/martial law imposed
Revolutionaries/poets/musicians(Chopin) leave
Results in Russification program

12. Italy 1830 Austria & Pope obstacles to Italian unification.
Secret societies to support unification began
Carbonari rise up in 1831 to be put down by Austrian troops
Rise of Mazzini- visionary of a unified republican Italy.
Forms Young Italy
Failed attempt at a Roman republic but ideas are planted– only to grow later.

13. Belgium
After Napoleon, Belgium Holland and Netherland form loose political/economic union.
Holland had political advantage
Belgium revolt against Dutch rule- students, workers with middle class leadership
National Congress created constitutional monarchy-Leopold of Saxe-Coburg
Religious tolerance/limit king power
Belgium beats another(1832) Netherland invasion with Fr and Br help/ guarantee Belgium independence and neutrality.

14. Revolutions of 1830 Italy failed Poland failed Belgium SUCCESS!!!
France failed

15. Revolutions of 1848
France
Italy
Germany
Austria

16. France 1848 This Revolution was the catalyst for others!!!
Louis Phillipe fails! Economic problems: unemployment, low wages, indifferent govt
Constitutional monarchist (Theirs) join forces with republicans- want increased suffrage!
Feb large demonstrations in Paris lead to riots! And Louis Phillippe abdicates!!
Create Second Republic of France with first socialist programs

17. France 1848 cont
Louis Blanc floats a plan called “National Workshops”- guarantees jobs for all!!
2ND Republic institutes some- not all- Blanc’s plan- bankrupts treasury in 2 years
Riots again in 1850 leads to marshal law and leadership of General Cavaignac
Elections in 1850 lean toward moderates.
Middle class fear of loss of property and voting rights allows for Louis Napoleon Bonaparte to rise to power as symbol of order stability and democracy. ( won’t last long!)

18. Germany 1848 Zollverein (customs union)- successful
Economic problems and French riots in creates sympathy toward reform
Metternich resigns and Frankfurt National Assembly convenes to prepare a constitution.
Stood for ideals but had no power! Disputes over unification (Big vs. Little Germany), liberal vs democracy, proletariat vs bourgeoisie- uprisings in cities the result.
National Assembly drafts a constitution

19. Germany 1848 cont
Offers Fred WM IV the crown of a united Germany- not popular with Junkers
Fred Wm declines- saying “I will not accept a crown from the gutter”
Frankfurt Assembly then dwindles away.
Fred Wm will issue a constitution for Prussia
Parliament will have 2 chambers
Voting power biased toward Junkers vs working class.

20. Italy 1848 Italy still not unified. Pope Pius IX – Papal States
King Charles Albert & Cavour –Piedmont
Mazzini- leader of Young Italy
Pius IX thought to be a reformer- with CA pushed for unification
Threats from Austria & suddenly Pius neutral
Charles Albert suspends army and abdicates in favor of his son Victor Emmanuel II
Meanwhile……

21. Italy 1848 cont Mazzini and Young Italy rise up in Rome
Force Pius IX to leave
Form a Republic led by Mazzini
French troops come to the pope’s rescue and Mazzini surrenders
Ends any unification movements in 1848 And Italy is restored to pre-1848 rulers

22. Austria 1848 Metternich has been a powerful prime minister
Rising nationalism by Magyars(Hungarians) creates political instability
Louis Kossuth- promotes Magyar nationalism
Metternich tries policy of divide and conquer- pits anti-Magyar against anti- German Magyars
Uprising in Feb 1848
Liberalism, nationalism, expanding middle class

23. Austria cont
Hungarians(Magyars) want no Austrian control- briefly independent under Kossuth but invaded by Russia and Austria- remain under Austrian control
Meanwhile, students join middle class in revolt-Metternich resigns (goes to Britain)
Hapsburgs crush revolt in Nov 1848
Prince Schwarzenberg- prime minister
Francis Joseph succeeds Ferdinand I but nationalism increases within Austrian minorities. To be continued……..

24. Revolutions of 1848 France Successful!!! (kind of) Italy Failure!!!
Germany Failure!!!
Austria Failure!! ( but it did get rid of Metternich and the Concert of Europe is no more!!!)