1. Agenda
Literature search
Potential applications
Conclusions

2. Literature survey. Li Hang South China Un.
Structure and Properties of high loaded Lignin. Hecheng Xiangjia Gongye (1995) 18(4) 241-3
TS( 20MPa),Sh. (78A) Heat treatment increased the Cross-linking d.,Tg,Loss factor Tan ð and active energy of cure reaction

3. Literature
Compounding ingredient for rubber stock.Shishkov et al (1992)
Mixing Lignin flour with stearic acid increased tensile and tear strength
Lignin and ligninsulfonic acid in rubber vulcanizes Salvel’eva et al. (1992)
Increase rubber adhesion to metal as compared compound containing Slice

4. Literature
Lignin-reinforced rubber. West Virginia pulp and paper co. US Patent 1,961,021. (1964).
Lignin-rubber coprecipitate (West Virginia Pulp and Paper co.(1964). US Patent 3,163,614
Carbon Black Masterbatches with Na lignin sulfonate. US Patent 2,548,757 (1951).

5. Literature
Effect of coprecipitation conditions on filtration and properties of lignin- reinforced GR-S. Indian rubber world (1951).
Compounding finely divided solid with butadiene-styrene rubber latex using alkaline lignin solution as dispersing agents.
US Patent 2, (1951). Filler dispersed in alk. Soln. Which is mixed with latex and coagulated.

6. Literature
Synthetic polymer-lignin copolymers and blends. Wang,Manley, Feldmen Progress in polymer science (4)
A review of 198 ref. On the lignin copolymers with synthetic polymers is presented 1.lignin and its derivatives.2.Prospects of lignin in synthetic polymer system 3.fundamental research of polymer-lignin system

7. Literature
Lignin-containing rubber composite with good processability. JSR JP ( 1981).
Good porocessability and compound with high tensile,contain 100phr of hyroxylated rubber,5-200phr of lignin ( ).

8. Continued Lignin as filler for rubber. Vu Quang Et al.
Journal written in Vietnamese.With 20% of ( ) obtain from paper waste study shows a.hardness b. breaking elongation and vulcanization temp. and time very satisfactory.

9. Continued
Effect of Lignin on the network structure and properties of NR mixes vulcanized by conventional, semiefficient and efficient vulcanization systems. Sadham K. J.Polymer Science (6)
Lignin ( ) increases the cure rate, make the stock more scorchy increases the reversion time.

10. Continued
Utilization of Lignin's in rubber compound. Sadham K J. appl. Polymer sci (7)
Dispersion of Na lignosulfate( ) in NR improves tear resistance abrasion resistance flex crack resistance irresp. Of the nature of other fillers.Modulus,TS,heat buildup,compression are adversely affected but improved remarkably wit aging.

11. Potential Applications
Lignin process has improved substantially in the last ten years due to new improvement in the EPA requirements.
Partial replacement in Silica tread application.
Partial replacement for couplers.
Carrier for coupler to reduce alcohol emission.
Weight reduction in Silica tread application due to lignin low density.

12. Continued
Potential application with Clay as a coagulant to exfoliate the Clay.
Lignin to improve rubber-cord adhesion
Lignin as carrier for rubber ingredients.
Lignin react with elemental Sulfur under vulcanization temperatures in the presence and absence of accelerators

13. Continued
Lignin interact with phenol resorcinol to form a stable material that can be used in tires.
The addition of alkylenediamineshas been used in the vulcanization recipes with good success.
Literature review is available for those interested in this subject.

14. conclusions
Lignin is a by product of the paper -pulp industries an they are looking for ways to find applications for their product.
It was fully investigated by many workers in the rubber Industries in the 1970 as potential replacement for carbon black but not in Silica as weight reduction and potential properties improvement.

15. Challenge
I open this subject for everyone imagination to use this filler before our competitor beat us to the punch like they did with Silica tread.