1. NAPOLEON AND CONGRESS OF VIENNA
THE GRAND MASTER OF EUROPE

2. Rise of Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1769 on Corsica (Italian island annexed by France)
Brilliant military leader who achieved numerous early successes and rose quickly through the ranks
Used his status as a national hero to seize power in 1799 using a coup d’etat to bring an end to the Directory
The French craved the order and stability that Napoleon promised and were willing to give up some freedoms for peace, prosperity, and glory
The pope comes to crown Napoleon as emperor
Napoleon puts the crown on his own head – he took authority for himself

4. Domestic Policies Wants to end the hostility from the Revolution
Codification of the laws – The Civil Code
Also known as the Napoleonic Code
Made laws uniform across the nation - prior to the Revolution France had 300 different legal systems
Limits some individual rights, such as freedom of the press, and only applied to male citizens

5. Louisiana Purchase
Sells the Louisiana Territory to the United States to get money to fight his wars to take over Europe

6. Napoleon’s Empire
Napoleon’s major goal is that he wants to rule Europe
the Napoleonic Wars were a series of wars where Napoleon is trying to take over Europe
These wars were an extension of the ones fought between France and other nations during the Revolution
From 1807 – 1812 Napoleon is the Grand Master of Europe

8. Grand Empire
French Empire
Enlarged France, territories added on to France
Dependent States
Nations that Napoleon conquers, puts these kingdoms under the rule of his relatives
Spain, Holland, Kingdom of Italy, Swiss Republic, Grand Duchy of Warsaw, and Union of German states
Allied States
Defeats these nations in battle and forces them to ally with him against Britain
Prussia, Austria, Russia, Denmark, and Norway
The only nations free of his control are Great Britain, Sweden, Portugal, and the Ottoman Empire

9. Invasion of Spain
Napoleon invades and conquers Spain
The Spanish king was removed from the throne and replaced by Napoleon’s brother Joseph
The major impact is that the invasion weakened Spain and allowed its Spanish colonies in the Americas to break free and gain independence
Battle of Trafalgar
The British are an island nation and have a strong navy
Napoleon tries to invade Britain, but his fleet is defeated by the British led by Admiral Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar
This battle saves the British from invasion by showing Napoleon that his navy is not strong enough

10. Why Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
Great Britain’s survival
Geography, sea power of Britain
After losing the Battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon institutes the Continental system – wants to stop British goods from reaching Europe
Britain depends on overseas trade and if the economy of Britain is weakened, then it would destroy their ability to wage war
Prohibits French or Allied ships from trading with Britain
The British respond by requiring ships from neutral nations to stop in British ports and not trade with France – leads to the war of 1812 between the British and the U.S.
Fails due to smugglers and Britain’s numerous colonies

11. Nationalism = a sense of identity and unity as a people
Spread principles of revolution and also nationalism to people conquered by the French
France showed people what nationalism was and what a nation in arms could do

12. Invasion of Russia
Russia refuses to remain in the continental system, so Napoleon invades
June 1812 Napoleon enters Russia with a Grand Army of over 600,000 men – needs a quick win
Russian troops retreat hundreds of miles
The peasants also move east and burn their own villages, fields, and countryside – called scorched earth tactic
Napoleon finally reaches Moscow and finds it mostly deserted and in flames – lacked supplies and food
“Great Retreat” across Russia in horrible winter conditions
Starvation and freezing temperatures kill thousands and only 40,000 make it out in Jan. 1813

14. Napoleon’s army is weakened, so Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia ally against France
Defeat Napoleon’s new army and in March of 1814 they capture Paris
Napoleon surrenders and gives up his throne, but gets to keep the title of emperor
The brother of the beheaded Louis XVI is made the new king of France
Napoleon is exiled to the island of Elba off the coast of Italy and is allowed 400 guards
Napoleon’s Return – The Hundred Days
Napoleon escapes and starts making his way back to Paris in early 1815
Troops sent to capture him join him instead
The new king Louis XVIII flees
Napoleon arrives in Paris to cheering crowds
He raises a new army and starts to reconquer Europe and his enemies gather once again

15. Battle of Waterloo – June 18, 1815
Final confrontation of Napoleon’s troops against British troops led by the Duke of Wellington
Napoleon is decisively defeated
Betrayals, hemorrhoids
Huge numbers of casualties on both sides
Napoleon flees to a port, but is soon captured
The second exile
This time the Napoleon is exiled to St. Helena, a volcanic island in the South Atlantic that is 1,200 miles from the nearest mainland
Napoleon dies there six years later

17. CONGRESS OF VIENNA
September 1814 – hundreds of diplomats gathered to arrange a final peace settlement after the defeat of Napoleon, with those from Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia being the most important,
Purpose of the Congress of Vienna was to restore order and stability to Europe following the end of the Napoleonic Wars
The leader of the Congress of Vienna was the Austrian foreign minister Prince Klemens von Metternich
He was a conservative and a reactionary
He hated change and democracy and wanted Europe to return to how it was prior to 1789
He dominated the Congress of Vienna and European politics for the next 30 years

18. GOALS Restore the balance of power
Make sure no one country can become too powerful like France did

19. Redrawing the map of Europe
Rearranged territories to make balance of power possible, especially to contain France
Nations around France were made stronger
Prussia received territory along France’s eastern border
The Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands were united as the Kingdom of the Netherlands
38 independent German states were organized into the German Confederation
The two strongest in the Confederation were Austria and Prussia
Italy was also organized into nine states
France lost all of its conquered territory and its boundaries were the same as it was in 1792
Countries who aided France lost territory and countries who fought against France were rewarded

21. Restore monarchies
Restored the monarchies that Napoleon had eliminated
Principle of Legitimacy = monarchs or families who had been in power prior to Napoleon and the French Revolution were restored to power
Maintain peace and stability
Stop all revolutions
Principle of Intervention = the great powers had the right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to put down the revolution and restore legitimate monarchs
Return Europe to how it was prior to Napoleon and the French Revolution

22. Concert of Europe
Created by the Congress of Vienna, this was designed to maintain peace and stability in Europe
European leaders would meet in conferences to discuss foreign policy questions and make sure that there was peace
Also had the right to put down revolutions

23. The -isms Conservatism
Political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favors obedience to political authority and organized religion
Hates change, especially revolution
Metternich and the other leaders at the Congress of Vienna were strong advocates of conservatism

24. The -isms
Liberalism
Political philosophy based on Enlightenment principles, holding that people should be as free as possible from gov’t restraint and that civil liberties should be protected
Wanted guarantees of the protection of their rights = constitutions
Wanted religious toleration
Still only believed that men of property could vote or hold office

25. Nationalism Romanticism Sense of identity and unity as a people
People owe loyalty to nation rather than dynasties or political units
Each nationality should have its own government
Was seen as a threat to the existing political order and was strongly opposed by conservatives
Romanticism
An intellectual movement that emerged in reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment
Stressed feelings and emotions
Often associated with conservatives since it glorified the medieval past and nature

26. Socialism
System in which society, usually in the form of gov’t, owns and controls the means of production