1. Order ARTIODACTYLA Large and diverse group Terrestrial artiodactyls
About 200 species in 10 families
Most diverse in open habitats
One group is semi-aquatic
Some of the most cursorial mammals
Aquatic artiodactyls
Cetaceans

2. Structure of the Foot Artiodactyls are known as even toed ungulates
The plane of symmetry is between digits 3 and 4 (paraxonic)
Metacarpals metatarsals are fused to form the cannon bone in advanced artiodactyls
Rodhocetus
Fig. 18-3

3. Artiodactyl Characters
Artiodactyl Characters
Double-Pulley Astragalus
Restricts lateral movement
Rhodocetus

4. Fig. 17.1 - Unguligrade badger deer coyote
Terminal phalanges of terrestrial artiodactyls are encased in pointed hoofs

5. Terrestrial Artiodactyls

6. Suidae and Tayassuidae
35 Ma

7. Family SUIDAE Old World Swine
Ethiopian, Palearctic, Oriental, Australian [Celebes]
5 genera, 16 species–Sus; Phachoerrus (warthog); Babyrousa
warthog versus lion
Sus scrofa has been introduced everywhere

8. Suid Characteristics stocky, barrel-shaped body; short limbs
Weigh up to 275 kg
snout elongate, mobile, and flattened at end
Four toes on front and hind feet
two chambered stomach; cecal fermentation
omnivorous: feed on fungi, roots, eggs, small vertebrates, carrion

9. Suid Characteristics Bunodont molars (Fig. 18-11)
canines directed upward and outward
skull long and low, with a high occipit, profile flat or concave

10. Babyrousa Tusks are for ritualized fighting.
More of a foregut fermenter than any other suid (has bacterial flora in stomach), & therefore potentially useful (but small litters). chocolate
Classified as Vulnerable

11. Babirusas can get impaled by their own teeth
The skull is one of about 60 obtained by Walter Kaudern while on survey on Sulawesi between 1916 and 1920.
‘self-impaling’ only happens in old, well ornamented males whose teeth are complete.

12. Family Tayassuidae javelinas or peccaries
"Jabalí" (the Spanish name for Wild Boar)
Pakira (Galibi Carib of Brazil word)

13. Tayassuidae Distribution
Neotropical (central Argentina) to Nearctic (southwestern U.S.)
Catagonus wagneri; Tayassu pecari; Pecari tajacu
Chacoan peccary

15. Tayassuid Characters upper canines directed downward
Skull with a straight dorsal profile
FIGURE 18-14: Skull of a collared peccary, Pecari tajacu (length of skull 225 millimeters)

16. Tayassuid characters
4 toes on front feet, usually 3 on rear [digit 5 of the hindfoot is vestigial (lacks a hoof)]--two on rear of Catagonus
metatarsals fused proximally
fewer tail vertebrae than suids
Weigh up to 30 kg
Javelinas are immune to rattlesnake venom

17. Tayassuid characters
rump and suborbital glands used in social communication
gregarious--populations typically 5-15; Tayassu up to several 100

18. Tayassuid Diet Omnivorous, but rely more on plant material than suids
Two to three chambered stomach, may have limited gastric fermentation, stomach is relatively very small
Pecari tajacu is less cold tolerant, but require less water than feral pigs

19. TAMUK
Where ignorance is not just a right,
It’s a duty!

20. porky
This misbegotten excrescence of a werepig is not a javelina.

21. neoporky
I am unsure of what this is as well.
Arctonyx collaris

22. These are javelinas

23. How-peccaries-differ-from-pigs

24. Family Hippopotamidae
Ethiopian,
Huge heads & short limbs.
Mouth very large.
Fiona

25. Hippopotamus Characteristics
incisors large, tusk like (especially inner lower incisors).
canines large, tusk-like (lower canines much larger than upper).
Semi-aquatic
Good swimmers and divers
nostrils and eyes at top of skull.

26. Two Genera Hippopotamus: up to 4500 kg [Fig. 17-10]
Gregarious
produce underwater sounds similar to the sonar clicks of dolphins
Hexaprotodon (Choeropsis) kg
less social, occurs in forested areas
Nicolaas Cornelius Johannes van Zyl
Videos by ทีวีพูล TVPool Buffet

27. Hippopotamus Characters
Food
on terrestrial vegetation at night,
aquatic in the day
Communicate by producing a wide variety of sounds

28. Hippopotamus Characteristics
Thick and nearly hairless skin.
Shiny, naked skin densely perforated with minute skin-conditioning glands (Kingdon, 1997).
Skin glands secrete a pink oily substance that protects skin from the sun.
Secretions are a mixture of pigments that function as both sunscreen and antibiotic, as well as keeping the animals cool, say Kimiko Hashimoto of Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Japan, and colleagues (Nature, 2004).

29. Hippo Skin But skin renders hippos vulnerable to dehydration.
Cannot survive long away from water and only graze at night or during rain.
Hippos and mud

30. Family Camelidae Camels and Llamas selenodont no horns or antlers.
three chambered ruminating stomach.

31. Family Camelidae Secondarily digitigrade.
Only living fully digitigrade ungulates.
cannon bone present but not fused distally ['Y'-shaped].
Hooves are modified into nails with a broad cutaneous pad between the digits; provides support on soft substrates (Miocene adaptation)

32. Locomotion pacing: limbs of same side are moved together.
this allows the pacer to extend the length of stride more than the trotter
Muybridge, E Animals in Motion.

33. Subfamily Camelinae Palearctic–camels [Camelus]
Hump(s) for fat storage
C. dromedarius (dromedary or Arabian) is widespread due to domestication, but there are no wild populations.
C. bactrianus (bactrian) less widely used by humans; only a few wild herds remain in central Asia.

34. Subfamily Laminae
Neotropical—llamas, alpacas, and guanacos [Lama], vicuñas [Vicugna]
llamas and alpacas are domesticated guanacos
Lama inhabits grasslands to 4000m; vicuñas, grasslands and plains at altitudes of 3,500-5,750 m (hemoglobin has a higher Oxygen affinity)

35. Suborder Ruminantia
FIG 18-15: Two phylogenetic hypotheses of ruminant artiodactyls based on the work of O’Leary and Gatesy 2007 (left) and Price et al (right)

36. Family Tragulidae chevrotains (Hyemoschus) and mouse deer (Tragulus)
Afrotropic; Indo Malayan
3-chambered, ruminating “stomach”, no omasum

37. Family Tragulidae small, 2.5 - < 8 kg; 40 cm mouse deer
solitary, nocturnal; ecological equivalent of Lepus
no cranial appendages
large upper canines in males for intraspecific combat

38. Ruminants with a Four-Chambered “Stomach”

39. Family Moschidae – musk deer
Four species of Moschus;
weigh between 7 and 17 kilograms
Distribution: mainly in forested and alpine scrub habitats in the mountains of central and northeastern Asia, notably Himalayas.

40. Family Moschidae – musk deer
no antlers
elongate upper canines, much larger in males

41. Moschidae
abdominal musk gland; its secretions are most likely used to attract mates.
They are rare in many parts of their range because of the demand for waxy secretion used for perfume base (nearly $45,000 a kilogram!).

42. Cranial Appendages

43. Family Cervidae deer, elk, moose Holarctic, Neotropical, Oriental
19 genera, 51 species
7 kg (Pudu) kg (Alces)

44. Cervid Antlers complex (forked)
solid bony core nourished from epidermal layer of velvet, containing blood vessels
shed annually, decapitation at pedicle

45. Antler growth and breeding cycle

46. Antlers usually in males only
present in female Rangifer (caribou, reindeer)
absent in Hydropotes (Chinese water deer)-elongate upper canines present (sabers)
The Asian Muntiacus (Muntjac) has short antlers and long canines
Pudu
Hydropotes
Rangifer

47. Irish elk Had antlers 3.6 m (12 ft) from tip to tip.
Went extinct about 9,000 years ago

48. Alces alces is the elk in Europe, the moose in North America.
Molecular phylogeny of the extinct giant deer, Megaloceros giganteus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2006
Alces alces is the elk in Europe, the moose in North America.
Our elk is Cervus elaphus, the European red deer
Megaloceros,the Irish elk, is most closely related to the fallow deer (Dama dama).
Molecular phylogeny of the extinct giant deer, Megaloceros giganteus. Sandrine Hughes, Thomas J. Hayden, Christophe J. Douady, Christelle Tougard, Mietje Germonpré, Anthony Stuart, Lyudmila Lbova, Ruth F. Carden, Catherine Hänni, Ludovic Say Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

49. Family Cervidae
lacrimal depression present
4-toed (reduced laterals)
tarsal gland communicates social status
brachydont teeth; usually browsers
no gall bladder (?low fat diet, but present in bovids)

50. North American Cervids
“Old World” deer (Cervinae)
1 N.A. species
Elk or wapiti
Often considered part of the Palearctic red deer complex (Cervus elaphus)
Occasionally considered a separate species (Cervus canadensis)

51. “Bugle” teeth are present in elk. Both bulls and cows possess ivories.
White-tailed deer with supernumerary canine.

52. North American Cervidae
“New World” deer (Capreolinae)
- White-tailed deer
- Black-tailed or mule deer
- Caribou
- Moose

53. Family Cervidae: Genus Odocoileus
Mule deer /Black-tailed deer White-tailed deer O. virginianus) (O. hemionus)
Dear deer

54. Family Cervidae: Caribou (Reindeer)
Rangifer tarandus inhabits arctic tundra and surrounding boreal coniferous forest
flat, deeply cleft hooves
Domesticated by the Sami as beasts of burden and farmed for milk, meat and their hides

55. Is Rudolph a lady?
Both the male and female reindeer have antlers. While most cows retain their antlers until spring after they give birth, most bulls drop their antlers by early December.
Some younger bulls, depending upon hereditary and environmental factors, may keep their antlers well into spring, even as late as April.
But only females could drag a fat-butt man in a red velvet suit all around the world in one night and, when they get lost, stop and ask for directions.

56. Family Cervidae: Moose
Alces alces
The Europeans refer to this Holarctic species as an elk!!
Largest member of the deer family
Typically associated with boreal forest in the Northern Hemisphere.

57. In the warm months, moose feed on water plants
In winter, they browse on conifers

58. Family Giraffidae Afrotropic Browsers with brachyodont teeth Thin lips
back inclines upward
Giraffe and Okapi

59. Giraffidae
horns composed of outgrowths of frontals (okapis) or both frontals and parietals (giraffes) that start as a distinct bone (ossicone)
present in both sexes, unbranched, covered with skin, non-deciduous
Long and narrow skull

60. Giraffidae Giraffa camelopardalis up to 1,800 kg long neck
height to 5.5 m
herds, savannah grassland
long, prehensile tongue for browsing
sexual selection for long neck

61. Extensive population genetic structure in the giraffe
Giraffes are currently considered to represent a single species classified into multiple subspecies.
Geographic variation in traits such as pelage pattern is clearly evident across the range in sub-Saharan Africa and abrupt transition zones between different pelage types are typically not associated with extrinsic barriers to gene flow, suggesting reproductive isolation.
BMC Biology 2007, 5:57

62. Fennessy, J. et al. Curr Biol. 2016
giraffes should actually be divided into four distinct lineages that don’t interbreed in the wild,
Finding could alter conservation strategies for long-necked animals.

63. Okapi
Solitary
equatorial forest

64. Family Antilocapridae
Pronghorns (a single living species Antilocapra americana)
Permanent bony core and an epidermal horny sheath.
Nearctic (endemic)

65. Family Antilocapridae
Sheath is forked and shed annually
Females often hornless and, if present, frequently lack prongs
Pronghorn with one horn shed

66. Antilocapridae
grazers, hypsodont teeth; also feed on forbs and low shrubs, especially sagebrush; orbits high on head

68. Antilocapridae Cursorial
flexion of spine, etc. [Fig 17.7], enlarged airways in lungs, more hemoglobin and myoglobin
85 km/hr bursts; 65 km/hr for > 10 km

69. Family Bovidae
largest family of ungulates: 50 genera and 143 species

70. Family Bovidae cattle, sheep, goats, antelope, and allies
Holarctic, Afrotropic, Indo-Malayan

71. Bovid Horns Unbranched, sheath and bony core
inner bony horn core, formed from the frontal bone and
non-deciduous (rarely shed) sheath formed keratin
Tetracerus is a four (short) horned Indian antelope

72. Fig. 19.21: Horns always present in males variable in females.
female horns are shorter and straighter, used as defensive weapons
A. suni antelope (Neotragus), B.klipspringer (Oreotragus), C. Grant’s gazelle (Gazella); D. waterbuck (Kobus), E. hartebeest (Alcelaphus), F. wildebeest (Connochaetes), G. addax (Addax); and H. oryx (Oryx)

73. North American Bovidae
Subfamily Bovinae
American bison (Bison bison)
some authorities place in genus Bos

74. “Hand me my pedantic mammalogy professor rifle, Wilson”

75. Bubalus bubalis–Water buffalo
Nilgai
Bison bison
American bison
Syncerus caffer
African or Cape buffalo
Molecular phylogeny of the tribe Bovini (Bovidae, Bovinae) and the taxonomic status of the Kouprey, Bos sauveli Urbain 1937
Bubalus bubalis–Water buffalo

76. Market hunting Near extinction of bison : 60M to ~150
Robes, tongue, depriving the plains Indians

77. Reintroduced throughout its previous range
Few free-roaming herds
Yellowstone National Park has the largest population of free-roaming plains bison (about 4,000), and Wood Buffalo National Park has the largest population of free-roaming wood bison (about 10,000).

78. Family Bovidae Subfamily Caprinae Muskoxen
North American mountain goat
Thinhorn sheep
Bighorn sheep

79. Family Bovidae: Muskoxen
Ovibos moschatus
Not true oxen; more closely related to North American mountain goats
Northernmost member of Bovidae. Inhabitants of arctic tundra
Natural occurrence is restricted to Greenland, Canada and Alaska.
Distributed throughout the Holarctic during cold phases of the Pleistocene.
Reintroduced to Alaska, Siberia and Norway

80. Family Bovidae: Mountain goat
Oreamnos americanus
Only goat-like ungulate in N.A. (not a true goat)
Alpine tundra and subalpine areas
Renowned ability to climb steep terrain

82. Family Bovidae: Ovis dalli
Fig
Common names: Dall’s Sheep or Thinhorn Sheep
Arctic and subarctic – primarily alpine in high mountain ranges

83. Family Bovidae: Bighorn Sheep
Ovis canadensis
Most widely distributed of the Caprinae in North America, occurring from Canada to Mexico

84. Bighorn Sheep
Double-layered skulls and massive tendons connecting the skull to the spine
View of the left side of a male bighorn skull, showing the pneumatic chambers between the thick frontal bone and the braincase.
Figure 24.31B

85. Bighorn sheep
once their beautiful horns curl past a certain point, they become legal hunting targets and few males live beyond a certain point.
Male bighorns in the Rockies have horns that have now shrunk by about 25% in the last 30 years.
Darimont, C.T.,  S. M. Carlson, M. T. Kinnison, P. C. Paquete, T.E. Reimchen and C. C. Wilmers   Human predators outpace other agents of trait change in the wild.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:

86. Bovidae The most diverse ruminants
body mass from kg
hypsodont cheek teeth
mainly grazers, but with different feeding strategies
smaller bovids are primarily browsers

87. Resource Partitioning
29 species of African bovids plus equids and rhinos
In Africa, because many big mammals feed on Redtop Grass, are they all in the same niche?
Serengeti Plain

88. Ecology of Herbivores on Serengeti Plain
Species were distinctly different in their ecological niches
Each species differs in size and has different strategies for defense and survival so each one overall occupies a different niche.
Migratory ungulates in the Serengeti depend on a sequence of grazing species as well as plant productivity
The interaction of animals grazers on the Serengeti is called Grazing Facilitation

89. Main Migratory Ungulates
Wildebeest
Thomson’s Gazelle
Plains Zebra
(Estes 2006)

90. Effects of Mammals on their Environments p. 515
Seasonal migration patterns of wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) in the Sarengeti Plains of Tanzania.
Figure 23.33:

91. Grazing sequence: Serengeti
rains
renewed grass growth
zebra …. wildebeest … gazelles
coarse …… new ……… forbs
grasses shoots

92. Grazing Facilitation Zebras
enter long grass communities, consume longer, dry stems and sheaths of grasses; go for quantity, expose less coarse forage
finds water best of the group.
Wildebeests (or gnus)
come second, feed on green sheaths and leaves of grasses and graze them to short heights
have the best sense of smell
Thompson’s gazelles
selective feeders, feed on high quality, short grass sheaths, herbs, and seeds during dry season,
have the best vision

93. Facilitation?
Migrating zebra, wildebeest, and Thomson’s gazelle: gazelle gain access to fresh regrowth after wildebeest have grazed an area.
Wildebeest gain no benefit from zebras because they forage in taller grasses during the dry season.
What does the zebra do in the wet season and why?
Facilitation in the wet season / competition in the dry season.

94. end

95. Fig. 19.7 Cranial Appendages
Rhinoceros
Giraffe
Pronghorn
Deer
Bovid

96. Zebra’s always eat a higher fraction of the stems than do wildebeests
Zebra’s and wildebeest do not eat different plants, but different parts of the same plant species.
Zebra’s always eat a higher fraction of the stems than do wildebeests
Zebras go for quantity of food rather than quality
The interaction of animals grazers on the Serengeti is called Grazing Facilitation
Studies have shown that Zebra’s and wildebeest do not eat different plants, but different parts of the same plant species.
Zebra’s always eat a higher fraction of the stems than do wildebeests
Zebras go for quantity of food rather than quality
The interaction of animals grazers on the Serengeti is called Grazing Facilitation

97. Locomotion

98. Energy exchange

99. heat