1. Performance of CMAQ for Inorganic Aerosol Compounds in Greater Tokyo
Hiroshi HAYAMI
Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry
and
Tatsuya SAKURAI
Tokyo University of Science

2. Acknowledgements National Institute of Environmental Studies
Shinji Kobayashi and Shinji Wakamatsu
Japan Clean Air Program of Petroleum Energy Center
Tazuko Morikawa
Institute of Behavioral Sciences
Akiyoshi Kan-nari and Tsuyoshi Baba
Fujitsu FIP Corp.
Noritaka Furuhashi, Izumi Ikeuchi and Hisashi Tashiro

3. Aerosol pollution in G.Tokyo
PM mass averages
SPM* by beta gauge ~ 40 µg m-3
>40 % stations violated the standard in the 1990s
PM2.5 by TEOM ~ µg m-3 > US std.
high in early summer and early winter
Composition of SPM
carbon(EC/OC) ~ 30 %
inorganic species ~ 30 %
*SPM: PM with 100% cut at 10 µm ~ PM7

4. Our studies with CMAQ for G.T.
budget of ammonia
long-term (one year)
episodes of inorganic aerosols
2 to 3 days in summer and winter
presented by Sakurai in poster session
presented from now

5. Study Domains for SIA in G.T.
D0(East Asia)
@45 km
D1(C. Japan)
@15 km
D2(G. Tokyo)
@5 km
MM5
CMAQ
no interaction
two-way
initial and boundary conditions

6. Model Options & Configurations
MM5 V3.6-1
35 layers; ~25 m in the lowest layer
FDDA with JMA’s RANAL (20km, 12hrs.)
Grell, MRF, simple ice, multi-layer soil
CMAQ (MCIP 2.1)
16 layers; identical to MM5 in PBL
CB4-AE3-AQ solved with MEBI
CMAQ dry and RADM-cloud wet dep.
ACESS for E.Asia and NIES/JCAP for GT

7. Emission inventory (NIES/JCAP)
SOx [ton day-1]
NOx [ton day-1]
condensed dust [ton day-1]

8. CMAQ vs. field campaigns
WINTER
Dec. 9 to 10, 1999
SUMMER
Jul.31 to Aug.1,2001
T,RH,WS,WD
Tokyo, Kumagaya, Tateyama
NO2, SO2, O3
Fukaya, Yokosuka
Tokyo(Komae)
Kumagaya
NMHC composition
Fukaya ―
particulate
NO3-, NH4+, SO42-
gaseous HNO3, NH3

9. Winter: at Fukaya Gas Aerosol (FP) F Y obs. CMAQ obs. CMAQ NO2 [ppb]
NO3- [µg m-3]
SO2 [ppb]
SO42- [µg m-3]
O3 [ppb]
NH4+ [µg m-3]
Dec. 9
Dec. 10
Dec. 9
Dec. 10

10. Winter: at Yokosuka Gas Aerosol (FP) F Y obs. CMAQ obs. CMAQ NO2 [ppb]
NO3- [µg m-3]
SO2 [ppb]
SO42- [µg m-3]
O3 [ppb]
NH4+ [µg m-3]
Dec. 9
Dec. 10
Dec. 9
Dec. 10

11. Winter contour: PM [µg m-3]
18:00 Dec. 9, 1999
18:00 Dec. 10, 1999
observed
CMAQ
observed
CMAQ
not good
“observed” SPM(~PM7) vs. “calculated” PM2.5
SPM = SIA + EC + OC + Cl- +…
PM2.5 in CMAQ

12. Summer: Gas at Tokyo better than winter K T obs. CMAQ NO2 [ppb]
SO2 [ppb]
O3 [ppb]
better than winter
Jul. 31
Aug. 1

13. Summer: SIA at Tokyo K T NO3- [µg m-3] NH4+[µg m-3] SO42-[µg m-3]
obs.
CMAQ
NO3- [µg m-3]
NH4+[µg m-3]
SO42-[µg m-3]
particulate 12 12
Jul. 31
Aug. 1
gaseous 12 12 12 12
Jul. 31
Aug. 1
Jul. 31
Aug. 1

14. Summer contour: PM much better than winter
12:00 Jul. 31, 2001
12:00 Aug. 1, 2001
observed
CMAQ
observed
CMAQ
much better than winter
summer SPM mainly made of SIA

15. Summary CMAQ is fine to improve the performance…
secondary > primary products
summer > winter
to improve the performance…
Cl- and SOA (winter)
better boundary concentrations (SO2 & SO42-)
alter the gas-aerosol partitioning of NO3- and NH4+

16. under testing CMAQ with...
HCl/Cl-, important in winter aerosol
emission, deposition and gas-aerosol reaction
coarse aerosol nitrate and chloride
gas/coarse aerosol reaction
upper boundary
free-tropospheric ozone
sulfate formation on aerosol surface
heterogeneous reaction of SO2

17. SO2-to-SO42-(p) conversion
homogeneous + nucleation
SO2 + OH => H2SO4(g)
H2SO4(g) => SO42-(p)
aqueous chemistry in cloud water
SO2 + cw => SO42-(aq)
SO42-(aq) => SO42-(p)
heterogeneous chemistry
SO2 + aerosol surface => SO42-(p)