1. Ch. 9 Intelligence and Testing This is 5-7% of the AP ExaM

2. What is intelligence?

3. Intelligence Capacity to acquire and use knowledge
Definition:
Capacity to acquire and use knowledge
This is difficult to measure
Only an indirect measure (much like learning)

4. All healthy people possess the cognitive apparatus for acquiring and using information, but we can only estimate capacity based on knowledge acquired

5. So, the question is
Do people come into the world with identical capacities that develop differently depending on their background, experience and motivation or are people born with different intellectual capacities?

6. Early Studies in Intelligence
Sir Francis Galton
Cousin of Charles Darwin
Pioneered studies in “variations in human abilities”
Individual difference can and should be measured
Coined the terms of eugenics and nature vs. nurture

7. Sir Francis Galton Use of questionnaires
Instigated nature vs. nurture debate
Pioneered word association test
Developed the correlation technique
Used twins studies to explore inherited traits
A brief biography on Sir Francis Galton has been provided.

8. A reminder from previously learned definitions:
What is crystallized intelligence?
What is fluid intelligence?
Which of these show change during late adulthood?

9. A reminder from previously learned definitions:
Crystallized Intelligence- one’s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
Fluid Intelligence-one’s ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

10. Theories of Intelligence can be divided into three basic categories of abilities, cognitive and contextual theories

11. Abilities Theories
View intelligence in terms of a collection of abilities that can be measured and serve as a basis of individual differences
Spearman’s General Intelligence Theory
Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Guilford Three-Factor Structure of the Intellect

12. Abilities Theories
Charles Spearman argues that all activities share one common factor called
General Intelligence (g)
Additional specific abilities (s)
Most people’s understanding of intelligence is based on Spearman’s ideas

13. Abilities Theories
L. L. Thurstone argued that there is a small set of 6 or 7 primary mental abilities or factors that make up the concept of intelligence
Verbal comprehension
Word fluency
Number ability
Spatial ability
Associative memory
Perceptual speed
General reasoning ability

15. Abilities Theories
Howard Gardner argues for several human intellectual capacities in his theory of multiple intelligences
Linguistic
Musical
Logical (mathematical)
Bodily-kinesthetic
Spatial-visual
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
(see handout)
Gardner 2 mins

17. Abilities Theories
J. P. Guilford suggest a cubic model of the structure of intelligence (maybe up to 150 separate cognitive abilities)
Three categories
Operations
Contents
Products

19. WOW! How many intelligences 1, 6-7, 8-12 or 150?
You decide, most psychologists cannot agree on a definition let alone a number of intelligences.

20. All of these theories have used the idea of factor analysis.
What is factor analysis?
Add: psychometrics

21. Cognitive Theories
Look at cognitive process as the key to intelligence
Reaction time may be the measure of intelligence
Processes may include short term memory, retrieval of long term memory or speed in which information is scanned and encoded
Our language suggest this idea with terms such as “quick witted” or “slow”

22. Cognitive Theories
Philip Vernon (1991) argues that biological indexes of CNS can provide a direct measure of intelligence
Using PET scan to measure metabolic rate during problem solving, more intelligent people use less energy than less intelligent people for specific tasks

23. Contextual Theories
Previous theories (ability and cognitive) assume to apply universally
Same measure could be used for all people of all cultures
That may not be true.

24. Contextual Theories
Robert Sternberg (1985) Triarchic (three part) Theory identifies three major dimensions of intelligence
Contextual
Experiential
Componential
These dimensions of intelligence converge to indicate individual differences in intelligence.

25. Assessment and Extremes of Intelligence
Assessments of Intelligence
Extremes in Intelligence

26. Assessment of Intelligence
Individual- administered in a one-to-one situation
Used for diagnostic purposes as in evaluating individuals particularly for mental retardation and giftedness
Group Tests- mass testing as developed during WWI
Sample questions
Used today in the military and in educational settings

27. Individual Assessments
Stanford – Binet Intelligence Scale
1904 Alfred Binet studied procedures to identify the mentally retarded children in Parisian schools
Individual’s score was expressed in terms of mental age as compared to chronological age

28. Lewis Terman (1916) of Stanford University translated and revised Binet’s scales for use in the US
Became know as the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
Measures performance in 15 areas

29. The Vexing Legacy of Lewis Terman
Eugenics

30. William Stern calculated a formula for an intelligence quotient or IQ
IQ= MA divided by CA x 100
A 12 year-old child scores a mental age of 15.
The child’s IQ is _____.
A 12 year-old child scores a mental age of 10.

31. Answers A 12 year-old child scores a mental age of 15.
15 divided by 12=
The child’s IQ is 125.
A 12 year-old child scores a mental age of 10.
10 divided by 12=
The child’s IQ is 83.

32. Assessment David Wechsler Wechsler Intelligence Scales
Three separate test for different age groups
WPPSI-R (4-6)
WISC –III (6 1/2-16)
WAIS – R (adults)
The Wechsler Scales are the most used individual intelligence test

33. Newer IQ Tests?
Woodcock-Johnson Tests for Cognitive Abilities (late 1970s)
Alan and Nadeen Kaufman publish the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (early 1980s)
Differential Abilities Scales
Jack Naglieri developed Cognitive Assessment System
Later developments:
Emotional Intelligence (Daniel Goleman)
Multiple Intelligences (Howard Gardner)
Triarchic Theory (Robert Sternberg)

34. Standard Deviation and IQ
Score achieved on an intelligence test as interpreted in terms of the normal distribution
Mean is 100

35. The Flynn Effect
In his study of IQ test scores for different populations over the past 60 years, James R. Flynn discovered that IQ scores increased from one generation to the next for all of the countries for which data existed (Flynn, 1994)
This phenomena has been called the “Flynn Effect”
Why do you think this effect has occurred?
Reference: Human Intelligence: The Flynn Effect
See this website for a wealth of information on this and other topics

36. Group Tests ASVAB (Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery)
CTMM (California Test of Mental Maturity)
Achievement vs. Aptitude
Speed vs. Power

37. Extremes in Intelligence

38. The Rationale
The reason for developing IQ tests was to identify children who needed special education assistance
In 1978, a law went into effect that modified the way public schools treat children with mental retardation.

39. Mental Retardation
As defined by the American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR)
Deficits in intellectual development that are partly assessed by intelligence tests
Characterized by significantly sub average intellectual functioning
Limitations in adaptive skills (communication, self-care, health, safety)

40. Origins of Mental Retardation
Organic conditions
Over 350 organic syndromes are know to cause mental retardation
PKU (metabolic disorder)
Hydrocephaly (excessive fluid in skull)
Down Syndrome
Cases of unknown origin
May be due to unfavorable environmental conditions
Poverty, unstable home life, parental neglect

41. Levels of Retardation Mild IQ 51-70 Moderate IQ 35-50 Severe IQ 20-35
Profound IQ below 20
85% skills to 6th grade, adults may be self supporting with assistance
10% skills to 2nd grade, adults may contribute to support if sheltered
3-4% may learn to talk and perform simple work tasks
1-2% require constant aid and supervision

42. Giftedness Top 3-5% IQ above 180 (profoundly gifted)
IQ of (moderately gifted)
May be just regular folks just like you and me
Achievements in life?
Not all gifted people go on to do great things
Maybe it is a combination of IQ, motivation and creativity

43. Giftedness Terman and his Termites
Reading provided from Stanford University