1. The Middle Ages
SWBAT:
Discuss the political and economic aftermath of the fall of the Western Roman Empire
Describe the role of the Church in Western Europe
HW #1
Read pages 162 – 165 answer questions 2-5 due 2/2

2. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: – 1250
Late Middle Ages:

3. Europe in the 6c

4. The Medieval Catholic Church
filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.
monasticism:
St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
provided schools for the children of the upper class.
inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.
monks  missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]
Church was the center of village life – Christian communities – Parishes – a group of parishes are controlled by a bishop – known as a bishopric aka a diocese. Each were joined under the archbishop.
Bishops in Rome, Jerusalem, Alexandria and Antioch – all had considerable power, eventually Roman bishop will claim that they were given the authority by Jesus, through Peter. (chief apostle of Rome) – became known as the Pope.
Pope Gregory I 590 – 604 took control of Rome ad its surrounding territories (Papal States) giving the papacy political power. Converted non-Christians of the Germanic Europe. Using Monasticism.
Monasticism – practice of living the life of a monk- a man who separates himself from ordinary human society in order to dedicate himself to God; monks live in monasteries headed by abbots
St. Benedict- founded a monastic house and wrote a set of rules – established a basic form of monastic life in Western Christian church
- divided each day into a series of activtites with primary emphasis upon prayer and manual labor.
English and Irish mons converted the Germanic peoples
Nuns- convents headed by abbesses

5. A Medieval Monk’s Day

6. The Power of the Medieval Church
bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system.
the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe.
tried to curb feudal warfare  only days a year for combat.
curb heresies  crusades; Inquisition
tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.
Peter’s Pence  1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].

7. A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium

8. Illuminated Manuscripts

9. The Age of Charlemagne . The New Germanic Kingdoms
500 W. Roman Empire had been replaced by German Kings.
Ostrogoths in Italy and Visgoths in Spain retained the Roman structure of government
Angles and Saxons (Germanic tribes from Denmark & N. Germany) Anglo-Saxons
The Kingdom of the Franks
Established by Clovis – converted to Christianity.
Wergild – “money for a man”; a fine paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the victim.
Ordeal – determining guilt in Germanic Law
German family structure – law based on tradition – family blood fueds
Wergild – based on social status
Ordeal – based on the idea of divine intervention – innocent people will be unharmed.
FRANKS – most of present day France, Western Germany, Belgium the Netherlands, and Luxembourg
Clovis united the Frankish people- after his death his sons divided the kingdom into 3 parts – but followed Frankish customs.
Clovis converting gave him the support of the roman catholic church – why would this be important?
What is the difference between roman law and Germanic law?

10. The Age of Charlemagne The Carolingian Empire
Charles the Great – Charlemagne r.768 – 814
Expanded the Frankish kingdom
Covered much of western & central Europe
Missi dominici- messengers who ensured the counts were loyal to the king.
600’s – 700’s Frankish kings lost their power to officers of the household – Pepin being one of them
Charles Martel – Pepin – Charlemagne

11. Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

12. Charlemagne: 742 to 814 Charlemagne as Roman Emperor
“Emperor of the Romans” (Roman, Christian, & German elements united)
1st Holy Roman Emperor

13. Charlemagne’s Empire

14. Romanesque Architectural Style
Carolingian Renaissance
Promoted learning – monks rewrote the classics of Greece & Rome
Rounded Arches.
Barrel vaults.
Thick walls.
Darker, simplistic interiors.
Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

15. The Carolingian Renaissance

16. Carolingian Miniscule

17. The Rise of European Monarchies: England

18. Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses: Treaty of Verdun, 843

19. Feudalism The End of the Carolingian Empire
Divisions & Invasions in the Carolingian Empire
Charlemagne dies in 814 – within 30 years his empire is divided.
Norsemen/Northman from Scandinavia ( Vikings) invade.
Long narrow ships – good for river access.
Normandy – 911 Seine River in France – Normandy
Franks settled Vikings & Converted the to Christianity
What internal and external factors after Charlemagne’s death weakened kingdoms in Europe?
What factores helped the Vikings invade Europe successfully?
Why would the Franks give Vikings land?

20. II. Emerging Feudalism
Feudalism - political and social order that developed during the Middle Ages when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service
Knights & Vassals
Fief – a grant of land made to a vassal
Vassal – served lord in military capacity
Knight – heavily armored cavalry
The Feudal Contract – the written rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal.

21. Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

22. Parts of a Medieval Castle

23. The Medieval Manor
1000 – climate change – better growing conditions – technology – carruca – heavy plow- planted Three field system- crop rotation fallow – fall grains rye and wheat, spring grains – oats barley and peas and beans
Manorialism – manor- in medieval Europe, an agricultural estate that a lord ran and peasants workded
Serf- a peasant legally bound to the land who had to provide labor services pay rent and was subject to the lords control

24. III. The Nobility of the Middle Ages
Nobles- Kings, dukes, counts, barons, or bishops
Chivalry – the ideal of civilized behavior that developed among the nobility; it was a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold
Aristocratic Women
Could manage the estate – When the lord was away
Overseeing food supply and maintain needs for the household.
Subservient to their husbands
Eleanor of Aquitaine – influential woman of the time
At 15 married King Louis VII of France – annulled
Duke Henry of Normandy/King Henry II of England
Had 8 children, 5 sons – Richard & John became kings of England

25. Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior

26. The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE

27. Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle

28. Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work

29. Trade and finance Expands
Merchants traveled hauling items to towns on fair days to trade.
Fairs met the needs of people, no longer was self-sufficient.
Guilds: Associations of people with the same trade (job/skill)
Controlled wages and prices
Provided technical training
Organized social welfare for members.
Only masters of a trade could become a guild member.

30. Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop

31. Medieval Guilds Guild Hall
Commercial Monopoly:
Controlled membership apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
Controlled prices

32. Steps to Become a Master
A child became an apprentice for 5-9 years with out pay.
After a period of training a boy became a Journeyman and could work for low wages
Final step: a Journeyman made an item that was considered a master piece of work
If the product met guild standards, he was welcomed into the guild and could open his own shop.

33. Late Medieval Town Dwellings

34. Revival of Towns and Learning
People, especially serfs, began leaving the Feudal Manors in search of economic and social opportunities
Towns developed at random along trade routes, very dirty crowded areas
- Burgesses: Common people, living in the towns.
As towns grew, so did the desire to learn.

35. Medieval Trade

36. Learning in Europe Universities developed
Scholars translated books into everyday vernacular (language) instead of Latin.
Revival of learning sparked European interest in the works of ancient scholars.
Crusade brought Europeans into contact with Muslims who had preserved the writings.
Through Muslims, Europeans acquired huge amounts of knowledge in math, science, law and philosophy

37. Oxford University

38. Medieval Universities

39. The Rise of European Monarchies: France

40. The Growth of European Kingdoms
England in the High Middle Ages
King Alfred the Great united various kingdoms in the late 9th century – Anglo-Saxon
The Norman Conquest
1066 – William of Normandy & the Battle of Hastings.
French/English
Domesday Book

41. William the Conqueror: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry)

42. Henry II (r. 1154 – 1189) & the Church
Power of English monarchy increases expanding its control of the courts.
Could not suppress the power of the Church.
Magna Carta
As towns grew people began to demand more rights
King John of England was demanding huge taxes
King John – Magna Carta 1215
Limits on royal power
Rights of nobles, eventually leading to the establishment of Parliament by King Edward I

43. Evolution of England’s Political System
Henry I:
William’s son.
set up a court system.
Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.
Henry II:
established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.
grand jury.
trial by jury.

44. Magna Carta, 1215 Runnymeade “Great Charter”
King John I
Runnymeade
“Great Charter”
monarchs were not above the law.
kings had to consult a council of advisors.
kings could not tax arbitrarily.

45. The Beginnings of the British Parliament
Great Council:
middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.
eventually called Parliament.
by 1400, two chambers evolved:
House of Lords  nobles & clergy.
House of Commons  knights and burgesses.

46. II. France in the High Middle Ages Expansion of French Control
Capetian Dynasty expands their territory & establishes France as a separate Kingdom
Phillip II Augustus (r – 1223) Seized Normandy from King John and establishes Royal officials called Bailiffs.
Bailiffs are sent to all areas of the kingdom to collect taxes and preside over the courts
Louis IX - made the Estates General.
First Estates- Church Leaders
Second Estates – Lords & Nobles
Third Estates - Commoners
Phillip IV (1285 – 1314) - Expanded royal bureaucracy

47. Gothic Architectural Style
Pointed arches.
High, narrow vaults.
Thinner walls.
Flying buttresses.
Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.
Stained-glass windows.
“Flying” Buttresses

48. Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

49. Setting Out on Crusade

50. Christian Crusades: East and West

51. Crest of a Cooper’s Guild