1. Kuiper and Allan Chapter 6.2
Pitch and intonation
Kuiper and Allan Chapter 6.2

2. Pitch People only rarely speak on a monotone.
Pitch changes take two forms in languages:
phonemic in tone languages
intonational in all languages

3. Creating pitch
Pitch is created by the rate of vibration of the vocal cords.
You can make your vocal cords vibrate at different rates when you sing.
You have a natural pitch span or pitch range when speaking.

4. Exercise
Say the following first as a statement and second as a question.
Listen carefully for the pitch of your voice at the end of the utterance.
You left the train.

5. Intonation is created by pitch movements.
Intonation is suprasegmental in that it is an overlay over the segmental phoneme sequence.

6. Tones
When the pitch of the voice changes during the production of a syllable we are hearing a tone.
Types of tones:
falling $
rising ´
rise fall fl
fall rise ‡

7. Exercise
Listen to the following sentence and see if it divides into intonational sections.
How many tones does each section have?
After eating her breakfast, Joanna went out.

8. Tone groups Speech is divided into tone groups.
Each tone group has one tonic syllable in which there is a tone.

9. An analogy
Think of speaking as rather like singing where each syllable has a note.
A tone group is a musical phrase.
The nuclear tone involves a pitch change on the syllable; all other syllables are sung without a change in pitch.

10. The musical notation of intonation
The normal pitch range
A tone group
Are you at home

11. Where are tone group boundaries?
In continuous speech tone group boundaries tend to come at grammatical phrase boundaries.
The tonic syllable (the one having the pitch change) is usually the last stressed syllable in the tone group.
Tone group boundaries are marked by a vertical slash in a text.

12. The functions of intonation
attitudinal
I’ll see you behind the bike sheds afterwards.
You?
accentual
contrastive stress
I want a big icecream.
grammatical
Those who work slowly get to the top.