1. Anatomy PHL 212 Email :- da.hassan@psau.edu.sa Associate Professor
Dr. Dina A. A. Hassan
Associate Professor
College of Pharmacy (Female Section)
Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University
Al kharj / Kingdom of Saudi Arabia -

2. Level of organization of living organism
Anatomy
PHL 212

3. OBJECTIVES To gain knowledge about concepts of anatomy.
To gain knowledge regarding the basic anatomical structure of the body.

4. Learning outcomes Outline and describe fundamental of anatomy.
Define anatomical terms of position, movement and names of different body parts
Describe the normal anatomy of various regions of the human body (organs and systems).

5. Structure - Function Relationships
What is Anatomy?
Anatomy is the science that study structure of the human body
Physiology is the science that study of the function of the human body
Structure - Function Relationships
Structure determines Function
Function determines Structure
Charles Darwin - "Origin of the Species" (1858) - Changes in structure affect function: basis of evolution of all organisms

6. Branches of anatomy Gross anatomy:
- Study Structures that can be seen with the eye
- e.g. Muscles, bones, various organs.
Microscopic anatomy
Study structures that cannot be seen with the eye
Need to use a microscope
Cytology = study of cells
Histology = study of tissues or organs
Developmental anatomy
Embryology
Comparative anatomy

7. Histology
Histology is the science that study the microscopic examination of the fine structure of cells(cytology), tissues and organs .
Tissues are prepared by fixation (preserved) and embedded into a paraffin block then cut into thin sections to be examined under the microscope.

8. Anatomical planes and sections
Sagittal section – divides the body into right and left sides
Mid-sagittal section = straight down the center of the body
Frontal section – divides the body into front and back sides
Transverse (cross) section – cut straight across the body divides the body into upper(superior) and lower ( inferior).

9. Anatomical Position Erect position of the body Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward
Thumbs point away from body
Figure 1.7a

10. Anatomical directional Terms
Superior (cranial) and inferior (caudal) – toward and away from the head.
Anterior (ventral) and posterior(dorsal)– toward the front and back of the body
Medial, lateral, and intermediate –toward the midline, away from the midline, and between.
Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body
Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface

11. Body Quadrants Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

12. Anatomical Organization of the living organism
Chemical level– atoms combined to form molecules
Cell level – cells are functional and smallest unit of living organism
Tissue level – group of cells performing a common function
Organ level –made up of more than one tissue
Organ system level– organs working together for a common purpose
Organism level – different organs system form the living organism

13. Organ Systems 1. Integument 2. Skeletal 3. Muscular 4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Cardiovascular
7. Lymphatic
8. Respiratory
9. Digestive
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive

14. The cell
It is the smallest functional and structural unit of the living organism
A cell may be an entire organism (in a unicellular organism) or it may be one of billions of cells that make up the organism (in a multicellular organism).
Functions: It grows, reproduces, uses energy and responds to their environment, ………………….. .
1- Cytoplasm
It is gel-like substances that is surrounded by cell membrane
It contains
1- Organelles ( living structures)
2- Inclusion ( non living structures)
3- Nucleus (which contains hereditary material)

15. a. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Types:
1-Smooth type: lacks ribosomes
2-Rough type: Has ribosomes embedded in the outer surface
Function: Moves materials around in cell
b. Ribosomes
Found on the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum OR floating throughout the cell
Function: Make proteins

16. c. Mitochondria Functions
Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates
Controls level of water and other materials in cell
Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
d. Golgi Bodies
Functions
Protein 'packaging plant'
Move materials within the cell
Move materials out of the cell

17. e. Lysosome Functions f. Vacuoles Functions Digestive function
Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal
if lysosome explodes the cell will break down (cell lysis)
f. Vacuoles
Membrane-bound sacs contain water solution.
Functions
They are the site for storage, digestion, and waste removal
They help plants to maintain their shape

18. 2- Nucleus
The nucleus is a nearly spherical structure present inside the cytoplasm of the cell
It is usually separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane
Functions
1. Directs cell activities
2. Contains genetic material – DNA inside nucleus
3. Contains RNA to build proteins
Nuclear Membrane
It surrounds the nucleus
It consists of two layers: the outer layer is connected to the membrane of rough endoplasmic reticulum, while the inner layer is connected to chromatin
It contains (nuclear pores) which are openings in the nuclear membrane to allow material to enter and leave nucleus
Chromosomes
Present inside the nucleus
It is made of DNA
Function: Contain instructions for characteristics and genetic materials

19. Conclusion & summary

20. references Books: Websites: www.PubMed.com www.BiomedNetspacebmn.com
Gray's Anatomy for Students: With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access by Richard L. Drake, A. Wayne Vogl and Adam W. M. Mitchell
The Complete Human Body + DVD By; Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
ISBN-10: X | ISBN-13: | Publication Date: August 16, 2010
Websites:  

21. Wish All The Best....