1. Introduction to OOP with Java 4th Ed, C. Thomas Wu
Chapter 1
Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming and Software Development
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2. Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu
Objectives
After you have read and studied this chapter, you should be able to
Name the basic components of object-oriented programming
Differentiate classes and objects.
Differentiate class and instance methods.
Differentiate class and instance data values.
Draw program diagrams using icons for classes and objects
Describe significance of inheritance in object-oriented programs
Name and explain the stages of the software lifecycle
Upon completing this lesson and studying the corresponding sections from Chapter 1 of the textbook, you will have a basic understanding of classes, objects, methods, and data values. You should also be able to draw correct icons for classes and objects.
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3. Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu
Classes and Objects
Object-oriented programs use objects.
An object is a thing, both tangible and intangible. Account, Vehicle, Employee, etc.
To create an object inside the computer program, we must provide a definition for objects—how they behave and what kinds of information they maintain —called a class.
An object is called an instance of a class.
The two most important concepts in object-oriented programming are the class and the object.
In the broadest term, an object is a thing, both tangible and intangible, which we can imagine.
A program written in object-oriented style will consist of interacting objects. For a program to maintain bank accounts for a bank, for example, we may have many Account, Customer, Transaction, and ATM objects.
An object is comprised of data and operations that manipulate these data.
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4. Graphical Representation of a Class
Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu
Graphical Representation of a Class
We use a rectangle to represent a class with its name appearing inside the rectangle.
<Class Name>
Example:
Account
Motorcycle
This is how we represent a class. The name of a class appears inside the rectangle.
The example shows two classes: Account and Motorcycle.
The notation we used here is based on the industry standard notation called UML, which stands for Unified Modeling Language.
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5. Graphical Representation of an Object
Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu
Graphical Representation of an Object
We use a rectangle to represent an object and place the underlined name of the object inside the rectangle.
<Object Name>
Example:
SV198
This is an object named SV198.
This is how we represent an object. The name of an object also appears inside the rectangle, but unlike the class name, an object name is underlined.
This example shows an object whose name is SV198. Notice that just by looking at this icon, we cannot tell what type of an object it is? Is it a Motorcycle? Or is an Account? We will use another notation, shown in the next slide, when we wish to identify the class it belongs to.
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6. An Object with the Class Name
Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu
An Object with the Class Name
This notation indicates the class which the object is an instance.
<Object Name> : <Class Name>
Example:
SV198 : BankAccount
This tells an object SV198 is an instance of the BankAccount class.
To indicate the class of an object, we suffix the object name with a colon and the class name.
The example shows an object SV198 is a BankAccount object.
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7. Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu
Messages and Methods
To instruct a class or an object to perform a task, we send a message to it.
You can send a message only to the classes and objects that understand the message you sent to them.
A class or an object must possess a matching method to be able to handle the received message.
A method defined for a class is called a class method, and a method defined for an object is called an instance method.
A value we pass to an object when sending a message is called an argument of the message.
An object is not a passive container of information. Rather, it is an active entity capable of carrying out tasks. Tasks such as deducting a withdrawal amount from an account, computing the shortest route from your dorm to a classroom, and so forth.
To command an object (or a class) to do something, we send a message to it.
Not all objects (and classes) can respond to any messages sent them. They must be programmed to recognize messages. In other words, we define methods. Once a method is defined, then we can send a matching message. For example, we define a method, say, move to a MobileRobot object. Once this method is programmed correctly, then we can send a message to a MobileRobot object to move.
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8. Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu
Sending a Message
Message deposit with the argument is sent to a BankAccount object SV198.
deposit
SV198 : BankAccount
Here’s an example of sending a message. This slide shows a sending of the message deposit to SV198. The BankAccount class must include a method named deposit. Otherwise, there will be an error because SV198 won’t be able to recognize the message.
The name of the message we send to an object or a class must be the same as the method’s name.
Because they are the same, the phrase “calling an object’s method” is synonymous to “sending a message to an object.”
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9. Sending a Message and Getting an Answer
Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu
Sending a Message and Getting an Answer
Ask for the current balance of this particular account.
getCurrentBalance()
SV198 : BankAccount
current balance
The deposit method in the previous slide is an action-only method. An object takes some action when called, but returns no answer back to the caller.
The getCurrentBalance method in this slide is a value-returning method. When called, an object will return a value.
The current balance of SV198 is returned.
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10. Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu
Calling a Class Method
Ask for the maximum possible speed for all MobileRobot objects is returned.
MobileRobot
getMaximumSpeed()
maximum speed
Here’s an example of calling a class method. It is not as common as the instance methods, but it can be handy in certain situations.
The maximum speed of all MobileRobot objects is the same. Since the result is the same for all instances, we define getMaximumSpeed as a class method.
General Idea: You define an instance method for a task that relates uniquely to individual instances (like getCurrentSpeed, which is different for individual mobile robots) and a class method for a task that relates to all instances of the class collectively.
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11. Class and Instance Data Values
Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu
Class and Instance Data Values
An object is comprised of data values and methods.
An instance data value is used to maintain information specific to individual instances. For example, each BankAccount object maintains its balance.
A class data value is used to maintain information shared by all instances or aggregate information about the instances.
For example, minimum balance is the information shared by all Account objects, whereas the average balance of all BankAccount objects is an aggregate information.
Every object from the same class will have the same set of data values. The values themselves for individual objects would be different, of course.
We assume here that the minimum balance is the same for all accounts. If this is the case, then the single value for minimum balance is shared by all Account objects. So we need to keep one value of the minimum balance that will be shared by all Account objects.
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12. Sample Instance Data Value
Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu
Sample Instance Data Value
SV129 : BankAccount
SV098 : BankAccount
SV211 : BankAccount
current balance
908.55
354.00
Here we see that all instances of the BankAccount class has a data value named current balance.
Although only one instance data value is shown here, it does not mean these objects contain only one data value. Most likely the real BankAccount objects would include about a dozen or so instance data values. We only show a single instance data value here so the diagram would not become cluttered.
All three BankAccount objects possess the same instance data value current balance.
The actual dollar amounts are, of course, different.
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13. Sample Class Data Value
Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu
Sample Class Data Value
BankAccount
minimum balance
100.00
There is one copy of minimum balance for the whole class and shared by all instances.
SV098 : BankAccount
SV211 : BankAccount
SV129 : BankAccount
current balance
908.55
354.00
This line is an instance-of relationship.
Here we see that a single class data value named minimum balance is shared by all instances. The dotted lines show the three objects are instance of the BankAccount class.
To see the significance of a class data value, consider the situation where the minimum balance is represented as an instance data value. Because there’s only one value for the minimum balance, defining it as an instance data value would result in maintaining three copies of the same value, one copy per object. This is a waste of memory space. Not only that, more critically, keeping duplicates in memory will complicate the processing. When we have to change the value for the minimum balance, for example, we have to locate all copies and update them. Imagine updating the duplicates copies of 1000 BankAccount objects. This is a very time consuming and error-prone activity, which can be avoided easily by representing the information as a class data value.
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14. Object Icon with Class Data Value
Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu
Object Icon with Class Data Value
SV129 : BankAccount
current balance
908.55
minimum balance
100.00
When the class icon is not shown, we include the class data value in the object icon itself.
When we do not include the class icon in a diagram, we can use this notation. Whether the data value name is underlined or not indicates the information is a class or an instance data value.
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15. Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu
Inheritance
Inheritance is a mechanism in OOP to design two or more entities that are different but share many common features.
Features common to all classes are defined in the superclass.
The classes that inherit common features from the superclass are called subclasses.
We also call the superclass an ancestor and the subclass a descendant.
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16. Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu
A Sample Inheritance
Here are the superclass Account and its subclasses Savings and Checking.
Account
Checking
Savings
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17. Inheritance Hierarchy
Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu
Inheritance Hierarchy
An example of inheritance hierarchy among different types of students.
Student
Graduate
Undergrad
Commuting
Resident
Law
Masters
Doctoral
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18. Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu
Software Engineering
Much like building a skyscraper, we need a disciplined approach in developing complex software applications.
Software engineering is the application of a systematic and disciplined approach to the development, testing, and maintenance of a program.
In this class, we will learn how to apply sound software engineering principles when we develop sample programs.
When a construction firm builds a house, it will follow a strict construction sequence that is based on sound engineering principles. Although software is not a physical object, it is just as complex as a building. And we also need to follow a strict software construction sequence if we expect to build an error-free software. We need a software construction sequence that is based on sound software engineering principles.
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19. Intro to OOP with Java, C. Thomas Wu
Software Life Cycle
The sequence of stages from conception to operation of a program is called software life cycle.
Five stages are
Analysis
Design
Coding
Testing
Operation and Maintenance
In the analysis phase, we perform a feasibility study. We analyze the problem and determine whether a solution is possible. If a solution is possible, the result of this phase is a requirements specification which describes the features of a program.
In the design phase, we turn a requirements specification into a detailed design of the program. For an object-oriented design, the output from this phase will be a set of classes/objects that fulfill the requirements.
In the coding phase, we implement the design into an actual program, in our case, a Java program.
In the testing phase, we run the program using different sets of data to verify that the program runs according to the specification. Two types of testing are possible for object-oriented programs: unit testing and integration testing. With unit testing, we test classes individually. With integration testing, we test that the classes work together correctly.
Activity to eliminate programming error is called debugging. An error could be a result of faulty implementation or design. When there's an error, we need to backtrack to earlier phases to eliminate the error.
Finally, after the testing is successfully concluded, we enter the operation phase in which the program will be put into actual use. The most important and time-consuming activity during the operation phase is software maintenance.
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