1. Improvement in food resources

2. Introduction All living organisms essentially requires food.
Early human beings started hunting animals and collecting fruits and roots of forest plants to meet their food requirements.
Food supplies proteins, carbohydrate, fats and vitamins, minerals and water to our body.
only green plants are autotrophs while animals and human beings are heterotrophs.
farming and rearing animals to meet food requirements.
Plants and animal products used as food.

4. Indian population (optional slide )
Our country is second largest in the world with 1.04 billion people.
By the year 2020 ,Indian population would be around1.343 billion.
Requirement of 241 million tonnes of grain production /annum to support the increasing population.
Scientists put the effort to increasing food production to meet the demand of population.

5. Effect of human population on resources
Overexploitation of natural resources- land, soil, water, fossil fuels etc for food, shelter and urbanisation.
Degradation of environment.
Arise of environmental problems like- soil erosion, salination of soil, desertification, floods, drought, eutrophication, ozone depletion, deforestation, wild life extinction, pollution, biomagnifications of toxic substances.

6. What is the option????????
To increase the food production without degrading our environment and disturbing the natural balance.
Adoption of technique- Sustainable agriculture and organic farming.
Sustainable agriculture
-successful management of resources for agriculture to satisfy the changing human needs, while managing and enhancing the quality of environment and conserving natural resources. OR
The adoption of various farming and production management techniques to increase agricultural production without harming environment.

7. Revolutions associated with food production (optional slide)
Green revolution- bumper production of food grains.
Blue revolution- Enhanced fish production.
White revolution- Increased milk production.
Yellow revolution- Increased oil production.
Golden revolution- increased pulse production.

8. Blue revolution

9. White revolution

10. How sustainable agriculture can be achieved ????????
Mixed farming.
Mixed cropping.
Crop rotation.
Crop selection.
Improvement in variety of seeds or species.

11. Advantages of sustainable agriculture.
Integration and control of natural biological cycle.
Protects and renews soil fertility and natural resource base.
Optimize the management.
Use of farm resource.
Reduces the use of non renewable resources.
Less input during agriculture production.
Opportunity for adequate and dependable form of income.
Promotes scope and opportunity in family farming (agriculture)

12. Organic farming
Practice of raising crops by use of manures, biofertilizers and biopesticides.
Biopesticides- Organisms or their extracts which kill/repel weeds, insects and other pests. Example- Neem
Biofertilisers- Nitrogen fixing bacteria
Provide optimum nutrients to plants and keep pests and weeds under control.
There is little or no use of fertilizers, pesticides and weedicides.
No question of toxicity or environmental problems.
Organic waste recycled in the form of manure.

13. Advantages of organic farming.
Doesn't cause pollution of any component of environment- soil, water, air.
Farm wastes are recycled.
The food obtained are free from pesticides and toxic chemicals.
Maintain soil fertility.
Keeps pests and weeds under control.

14. Definitions
Agriculture:-An applied science which deals with the mass production of plants and animals.
It involves soil cultivation + management and breeding of crops and livestocks(domestic animals).
Crops:- Plants of the same kind grown on a large scale to get useful products.

15. Crop production Plants – major source of food.
Necessary to increase the production of crops to meet the food requirement of our population.
Dependnce of animals and human beings on plants and their products.
Food security depends on availability of food and our access to do so.
Hindrance:- inadequate production of crop or no money to purchase it.

16. Successful crop production depends on…………..
Understanding growth and development of crops.
Knowledge about factors affecting growth and development.
Techniques to modify or manage these factors.
Good farming practices.
Management of resources – nutrient and water more effectively.

17. Crops provide us with…….
Cereal crops – Carbohydrates.
Pulses crops – protein.
Oil seed crops – Fatty acids.
Vegetables, spices and fruits- vitamins and minerals + small amount of carbohydrate, fat and protein.
Fibers
Sugar yielding crops.
Beverages
Cash crops.
Fodder.

18. Factors affecting cropping pattern Temperature, humidity , rainfall, types of soil etc

19. Cropping pattern on the basis of seasons:-
Kharif-cultivated at the beginning of monsoon seasons (June and July) and harvested by September or October
E. g.-Rice, maize, millet, groundnut and cotton
Rabi- cultivated in the beginning of winter ( October and November) and harvested by March or April.
E.g. :-Wheat ,Barley ,gram, potato, mustard

20. Difference Kharif Crops Rabi Crops
1. They are monsoon or rainy season crops.
1. They are non monsoon season crops.
2.The crops grow in hot and wet conditions.
2. The crops grow in cold and nearly dry conditions.
3. The crops are sown in the beginning of rainy season in June- July.
3. The crops are sown in October-November when monsoon is retreated.
4. The crops are harvested during September- October at the end of monsoon.
4. These crops are harvested in March-April before the advent of hot season.
Eg:- Rice, Maize, Groundnut, Soyabean, green gram,cotton, Black gram.
Eg:- Wheat, Barley, Gram,, Musturd, Linseed, Pea.

21. Improvement in yields- 3 approaches
Crop production management.
Crop variety improvement.
Crop protection management.

22. 1.Crop production mangement

23. Introduction (optional slide)
Crop production management-controlling the various aspects of crop production to obtain the maximum and best yield.
Introduction (optional slide)
India is a large county with a large area under cultivation.
India is blessed with endless growing season.
Beside providing food, agriculture is a source of raw materials for industries.
Farming practices being followed depend upon size of land holding, education and financial conditions of the farmers.
Production practices- no cost, low cost and high cost production.
High cost production based on improved high yield varieties, improved farming practices, modern technology, latest agricultural machines and implements.

24. Crop production management includes
Nutrient management-sources of essential plant nutrients, classification of nutrients, mode of intake of nutrients by plants , Manure and fertilizers.
Irrigation- need of irrigation, factors controlling irrigation and irrigation systems.
Cropping pattern – mixed cropping, intercropping, crop rotation

25. 1.1 Nutrient management

26. Nutrient management
Nutrients- food required by the plant composed of certain chemical elements.
Plants absorb a large number of elements from its environment, only 16 are essential plant nutrients.
Essential plant nutrients- carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, Sulphur, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper molybdenum, chlorine.
Deficiency of essential plant nutrients- affect physiological process like reproduction, growth and susceptibility to disease.
General growth of a plant depends on these nutrients.

27. Sources of essential plant nutrients
Air- carbon and oxygen.
Water – Hydrogen
Soil- remaining nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, Sulphur, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper molybdenum, chlorine.
Constitute % of
total plant tissue
Constitute % of
total plant tissue
Limit the plant growth depending
upon their availability in the soil.

28. Classification of nutrients (soil-13) on the basis of quantities required
Macronutrients- 6 in number, required in large quantities
Examples:- Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, magnesium, Sulphur.
NPK are required in greater amounts , called primary elements
Micronutrients- 7 in no., required in smaller quantities.
Examples:- Iron, manganese, Boron, Zinc, Copper, molybdenum and chlorine.

29. Mode of intake of 13 essential nutrients by the plants.
Soil nutrients remain dissolved in water.
Absorbed by the roots from the soil, forms important reservoir.
If crop plants are grown in the same soil year after year- p. nutrients( NPK) would go on decreasing than other nutrients.
Deficiency of NPK can be altered by adding chemical fertilizers and manures.

30. Mineral replenishment through the addition of manures and fertilisers.

31. Manure They are natural. Sources of organic matter.
Supply nutrients and organic matter.
Prepared by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant waste.
Types:- 1.Farmyard manure ( FYM), 2.compost 3. green manures.

32. Farmyard manure ( FYM)
Decomposed mixture of animal waste with litter and left over organic matter ( roughage and fodder).
Waste collected and stored in a pit for decomposition.
Contain nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium.

33. Compost
Compost prepared from farm and town refuse-sewage waste, weeds, vegetable and animal refuse.
It is rich in organic matter and nutrients.
Compositing- biological process in which both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms decompose the organic matter.
It takes 3-6 months for decomposition of organic refuse.

34. Green manure
Growing, mulching by ploughing and mixing of green crops with soil to improve physical structure and soil fertility.
It supply nitrogen and phosphorus., organic matter for improving hydration and aeration
Provide protection against erosion and leaching.
They are quick growing leguminous and non leguminous plants like guar, cow pea, lentil.
Grown in the field for about 6-8 weeks and turned into field in the flowering stage.
Crops remain buried for about 1-2 months.
Crops required high nutrient input ( rice, maize, wheat) are raised in the green manure field.

35. Advantages of manure Enrich the soil with nutrients.
Replenish the general deficiency of nutrients in the soil.
Add organic matter i.e humus to the soil, improve the physical properties of soil, reduce soil erosion, increase the moisture holding capacity.
Provide food for the decomposers ( bacteria and fungi) which help in making nutrients available to plants.
Low cost.
Recycle the farm waste into nutrients.
No side effect.

36. Disadvantages of manure
Bulky with low nutrient content.
Inconvenient to handle, store and transport.
Not nutrient specific.
Nutrients are released slowly, not keeping pace with the high and rapid demand of nutrients by high yield , hybrid varieties of crops.

37. Fertilizers
Sources of plant nutrients , manufactured commercially from chemicals.
Used for good vegetative growth.
Give rise to healthy plants.
Major component for obtaining higher yields.
Contain higher amount of nutrients in comparison to the manures
Used in very small quantities.

38. Types
Nitrogenous fertilizers:- Urea , Ammonium sulphate , ammonium nitrate.
Phosphatic fertilizers:- single super phosphate, triple super phosphate
Potassic fertilizers:- potassium chloride, potassium nitrate.
Complex fertilizers:- nitrophsophate, potassium nitrite.

39. Points to be noted w.r.t fertilizers
Must be used carefully and judiciously.
Should be applied scientifically in terms of proper dose, time , pre and post application precaution.
Due to excessive water, fertilizers get washed away and do not get fully absorbed by the plants.
Get washed off and reach water bodies, disturbing the ecosystem.
Water of water bodies become unfit for human consumption and kills the aquatic animals.

40. Biofertilizers- organisms which enrich the soil with nutrients.
Used for specific crop plants like pulses, legumes, oil seeds and rice.
Renewable and non polluted sources of plant nutrients like nitrogen.
Not alternative to chemical fertilizers nut play a supplementary role .
Supply nitrogen to specific crops under specific soil condition.
Examples:- nitrogen fixing microorganisms, phosphate solubilising micro-organisms.
Mycorrhiza- symbiotic association of certain fungi with roots of higher yield plants, increases water and nutrient uptake by plants and increases growth, vigor and yield and the plants.

41. Difference between fertilisers and manures.
1. Natural substance, obtained by the decomposition of plant and animal wastes.
Man made chemical substance ( inorganic salt or an organic compound).
2. Contain small amount of essential plant nutrients- N,P,K
2. Very rich in plant nutrients .
3. Adds a great amount of organic mater in the form of humus in the soil.
3. Doesn’t add any humus to the soil.
4. Nutrients present in it is slowly absorbed by the crop plants.
4. Being soluble in water it is readily absorbed by the crop plants.
5. Not nutrient specific.
5. Nutrient specific.
6. Difficult to store and transport as it is bulky.
6. Easy to store and transport as it is compact and concentrated.
7. Cheap , can be prepared at home.
7. Coasty, prepared in factories.

42. Irrigation:-the process of supplying water to the crops in the field.
Factors affecting water requirement:-types of crop, types of soil, season and stages of crop.
Stages during which irrigation is essential:-germination of seeds, flowering and grain maturing stage of the crop.

43. Status of irrigation facilities in India Only for information
18% of cultivated land is fully irrigated.
23% partially irrigated.
58% of the land is dependent only on rain, particularly the monsoon rains.
Urgent need to bring rain fed area under assured irrigation to boost food production for the ever increasing population.

44. Why irrigation is essential?
To provide sufficient moisture for germination of seeds.
Transport of nutrients dissolved in water to each part of the plants.
For the growth and elongation of the roots of the crops+ increase the no. of aerial branches.
To maintain the moisture of the soil.
Absorption of nutrients by the crops from the soil.
Cultivation possible around the year.
Possibility of cultivation round the year.

45. Sources of irrigation:-
Wells (dug wells and tube wells), river lift systems, reservoirs, canals, rainwater harvesting and water shed management.

46. Factors controlling irrigation
The water requirement of the crop plants depends on the following factors:-
(a) Nature of the crop plant. Eg paddy crop requires more water as compared to wheat, gram and cotton.
(b) Nature of the soil of the crop fields. Eg- crops grown in sandy soil need irrigation more frequently as compared to those grown in clayey soil, the reason is clayey soil has good water retention as compared to sandy soil.

47. Irrigation systems
1.Canal systems-The human made canals receive water from one or two reservoirs or from river. It is elaborate and extensive irrigation system.
The main canal is distributed into branch canals and branch canals further have distributaries or field channels.
These may serve individual fields or a group of fields.
Under the canal irrigated areas, the rotation is followed which is known as water bandhi or intermitted water delivery method
This provides adequate irrigation to all the fields when the water supply is short.
Each field or group of fields take water by rotation.

48. Tanks
Tanks are small storage reservoris, which catch and store the runoff of smaller catchment areas.
Small dams are built below the higher elevations of catchment areas.
In the tanks, outflows are controlled according to the availability of water. Other wise it leads to uneven distribution of water ( shortage of water at the tail end and excessive use at the top)
Run off----catchment areas----dams.

49. Wells- constructed where ground water is available
Dug wells- water is collected from water bearing strata. These wells have their base below the ground water table. The water is slowly collected in pits . From these wells water is lifted by mechanical means( bullock operated devices)
Tube wells- A tube well can tap water from the deeper strata. From these wells , water is lifted by diesel or electricity run pumps. Deep bore tube well can supply water continuously for many years.

50. River lift system and river valley system
Useful in those areas where canal system is insufficient or irregular due to inadequate water release. water is directly drawn from rivers for irrigation.
River valley system- Effective in those areas which lie along the western ghats ( Karnataka and Kerala). Use water that is discharged into the steep and narrow river line valleys during the rainy seasons. Here the rainfall is heavy but concentrated in 4-5 months followed by drying up during the rainy season. On the slopes and in the valleys coconuts, supari, coffee, rubber etc are cultivated . The botton flat of land of the valleys are used for growing a single rice crop.

51. Drip and sprinkler system
Overhead pipes for spraying water and sprinkler system save a lot of water.
It requires a pumping system.
Very common in USA, Britain, Europe and parts of India.

52. Water augmentation
Rain water harvesting- rain water is collected and used for recharging ground water by sinking deep drain pipes. It can be poured into wells or used to recharge ground water.
Water shed management- small check dams are built up in water shed areas to increase percolation of water into ground. It reduces flow of rain water and prevent soil erosion.

53. Cropping pattern 1. mixed croping 2. inter cropping and 3
Cropping pattern 1.mixed croping 2. inter cropping and 3. crop rotation
Mixed cropping- Practice of growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land.
Objective- minimize the risk and insure against the crop failure due to abnormal weather condition.
Crop combinations- Maize + Urad bean , Groundnut + sunflower , Wheat + musturd

54. Criteria for selection of the crops for mixed cropping
1.Products and waste material form one crop stimulates the growth of the other crop. E.g.- Leguminous plants + other cereals.
2.Crops should not compete with each other for light, nutrients and water.
One crop is of long duration and other is of short duration. Thus, if one crop fails due to shortage of moisture or nutrients, the other crop can cover the risk of complete failure.
One crop is tall and other is short growing-different canopy.
Deep rooted Vs Shallow rooted.
Need of comparatively lesser water and nutrients then the other.

55. Advantages
The risk of total crop failure due to uncertain monsoon is reduced.
Variety of products cereals, pulses, vegetables or fodder can be obtained.
Improvement in fertility of soil.
Chances of pest infestation reduced.
Complementary effect of component crop leads to increase in yield of both crops- wheat + gram.

56. Intercropping- improved version of mixed cropping
Practice of growing 2- or more crops simultaneously in a same field in definite rows patterns.
Objective- increasing productivity/per unit areas.
Definite row patterns- 1:1 , 1:2 0r 1:3

57. Advantages Better use of natural resources. Prevent soil erosion.
Different crops can be harvested and threshed separately.
The product of each crop can be marked and consumed separately.
Fertilizers can be applied as per the need of crops.

58. Comparison Mixed cropping Intercropping
1. IT aims to minimize risk of crop failure.
1. IT aims to increase productivity per unit area.
2. Seeds of two crops are mixed before sowing.
2. Seeds of two crops are not mixed.
3. No set patter of rows of crops.
3. Specific pattern of rows of crops.
4. Difficulty in providing fertilizer to individual crop.
4. Fertilizer can be applied as per requirement of crops.
5. Spraying of pesticide to individual crop is difficult.
5. Pesticides can be applied to individual crops.
6. Harvesting and threshing of crops separately not possible.
6. Both crops can be harvested and threshed easily.
7. Marketing and consumption of only mixed product is possible.
7. Product of each crop can be marketed and consumed separately.

59. Crop rotation
Growing a crop continuously in same field for many years, leads to deficiency of same type of nutrients, cause diseases and insects pest. Option is crop rotation.
Crop rotation-The practice of growing of different crops on a piece of land in a preplanned succession.

60. Selection of crops for crop rotation
Legumes are included in the crop rotation to increase soil fertility.
Crops which require high fertility level like wheat is may be grown after growing legumes like peas.
High input crops such as sugar cane , potato maize etc may be grown before low input required crops.
Crops of the same family should not be repeatedly grown in the same field.

61. Advantages of crop rotation
Controls pests and weeds.
Reduces the need of fertilizers.
Several crops may be grown with only one soil preparation i.e. ploughing).
The soil may be utilised more completely by alternation between deep and shallow rooted crops.

62. 2. Crop variety improvement

63. Introduction
Important for plant breeding- recognizing and incorporating valuable traits.
Desirable qualities of food plant- high yield and natural resistance to diseases.
Mutation occasionally arise such traits.
Natural process of mutation is very slow and unreliable.
Genetic manipulation means the incorporation of desirable characters in an organisms by various methods-
Manipulation method:- hybridization, mutation, DNA recombinant technique (A gene from organisms can be inserted into the DNA of another organisms, the raise plant is called transgenic species)

65. Need of high yield crop
High yield by quality seeds to increase production.
Improved quality. Example – protein in pulses, oil quality in oil seeds and preserving quality in fruits and vegetables
Biotic ( disease and insects) and abiotic resistance( drought, salinity,heat, cold)
Change in maturity duration-leads to multiple cropping, reduce crop’s production cost.
Photo and thermo insensitivity.Eg- Wheat-MACS 2469-tolerate high temperature.
Desirable agronomic traits.( tallness and profuse branching in fodder plants, dwarfness in cereals)
Wider adaptability- increase survival of plant under different environmental condition.

66. Why genetic manipulation is essential ?????
If potential of crop is limited/poor, even improved agronomic approach cannot increase the yield.
Selection of good variety of crop + good (improved) variety of sees becomes important.
Genetic manipulation helps in overcoming the inferior traits by incorporation of new genes for desirable traits.

67. Mechanism-hybridisation, mutation, breeding,DNA recombination technology
Crop variety improvement is manipulation of crops for increasing their yield, improving quality, suitability to varied conditions and resistance to various factors.
Genetic manipulation- incorporation of new genes for various traits to bring about desired change.
Steps for improving genetic make up- Introduction, selection, hybridization.
Introduction:-Transportation of crop plants form the place of their cultivation to the place they were never grown.
Selection:- Selection of the most desirable offspring of variety of plant for controlled propagation.
Hybridization-the crossing between genetically dissimilar plants to produce a new kind ( Hybrid)

68. Introduction
Transportation of crop plants from their place of their cultivation to the place where they were never grown earlier.
It is a quick method to bring about improvement with minimum effort and cost.
Crops such s potato, coffee, tea, tobacco, groundnut etc have been introduced in India from other parts of the world.

69. Artificial selection and hybridization
Artificial selection operating over long time can give rise to a varieties quietly different from starting generation.
Cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower obtained from wild cabbage.
Hybridization- the crossing between genetically dissimilar plants to produce a new kind.
Leads to incorporation of desired characteristics of both parents in one variety.

70. High yielding varieties (HYV)
Rice- IR 8, Heera, Jawahar, Pus bashmati 1, Kashturi, Vikas, VL Dhan 221
Wheat- Sharbati sonara, C 306, HD 2687
Maize- Ganga 5, Shakti, Navjyot, HIM128
Pulses – pusa 240, Manak, ADT 3 ,pant 430, Aasha
Oil seeds- TMV 12, Pusa Bold, Kranti, Durga, BSH 1, Modern

71. Mutation breeding Mutations are sudden inheritable variations.
They are produced through gamma radiations and a no. of other physical and chemical agents.
Eg- triple dwarf Maxican varieties of wheat were developed by NE Borglaugh through incorporation of mutation by selective hybridisations, they were however red grained. The same were converted into amber grained forms through mutations carried by gamma radiations.

72. polyploidy It is increasing the chromosome number.
Example- in potato it can be used.

73. DNA recombination technology
This refers to transfer of genes from one organism to another so as to modify the later.
They are called genetically modified organisms or transgenic organisms.
Such transgenic food plants are called genetically modified food(GMF)
Example Bt cotton is genetically modified crop which carries bacterial genes that protect plant from insects

74. Green revolution
Bumper increase in yield of food grains especially the wheat during 1970s.
American scientist- Dr. N.E. Borllaug was the person behind dwarf Mexican wheat variety.
M.S. Swami Nathan- Father of green revolution in India- brought some changes in it through gamma radiation.
Green revolution made our county self sufficient in food, increase buffer stock of food gains, improve economic conditions of India Farmers and provide employment avenue.

75. Step 3- Crop protection management
Pests-organisms that attack and damaged crops.
Weeds- unwanted plants along with main crops.
E.g. rodents(rats),insects( locust, weevils ,termites), stray animals and birds.
Crops also attacked by bacteria, fungi and viruses by causing several diseases.

76. Weeding and crop protection
Weeds:- unwanted plants which grow along with the main crop and competed for food , space and nutrients and even spread pests on the crop, sometime produce poisonous substance harmful to humans and animals.
Weeding:- the process of removing weeds.
Time of weeding:-before they produce flowers and seeds.
Barely or mustard plant acts as a weed in a wheat field .

77. Some common weeds.
Grass, Amaranthus(Chaulai) ,Chaenopodium (Bhatua),convolvulus (Hiran khuri),wild oat,Trianth etc

78. Method of weeding Manual method/ mechanical method
Culture method- proper bed preparation, timely sowing, intercropping ,crop rotation.

79. By using weedicides-E.g.2-4 D,Dalapon,siniazine,Butachlor etc
The chemicals which destroys weeds but do not harm the crop.
Diluted in water and sprayed in the field with a sprayer. Must be used with care as they are poisonous.

80. Biological method:-set a thief to catch a thief.
Cochineal insects used to control the growth of weeds called opuntia.
Deliberate use of insects or some other organisms which consumes and specifically destroy the weed plant.

81. Pesticides:-chemicals which kill pests with harming the crops.
Insecticides:-DDT, BHM, Malathion.
Fungicides:-Sulphur, lime sulphur
Rodenticides:-Zincphosphide,warfarin

82. Effects of weeds on crops.
Compete with the crops for nutrients, water, space and light.
Spreads crop pests and diseases by acting as alternate host to insects and microorganisms.
May produce toxic substances which may interfere with growth of crop plants.
During harvesting weeds get mixed with crop’s produce and downgrade its quality.

83. Insect pest control
They attack all stages, parts and products of plant.
Chewing insects- E.g. locust, grass hoppers, caterpillars, grubs.
Sucking insects- E.g. Aphids, plant bugs
Internal feeders- termites, weevils etc.

84. Diseases of crop plants
Seed born( fungi)- ergot of bajra, leaf spot of rice , red rot of sugarcane
Soil born- Affect root and stem. E.g.-smut of bajra .
Air born – attacks all aerial parts.E.g.rust of wheat, blast of rice.
Water born- E.g. Bacterial blight of rice.

85. Storage of grains Factors responsible for damage of grains
Biotic factors- insects, rodents, birds, mites and bacteria.
Abiotic factors- temperature , moisture and humidity.

86. Prevention and control measures
Drying- proper time of harvesting a crop is very important. For safe storage the seeds and grains should have moisture content below 14 %.
Cleaning-grains should be filled in gunny bags before keeping in go downs, warehouses or stores.
Safe and proper storage- go down, warehouses and stores should be properly cleaned before their storage.
Chemical control- use of pesticides like BHC ( benzene hexa chloride) melathion.
Fumigation- pesticides which can destroy insects by forming toxic fumes. E.g. aluminium phosphate, methyl bromide , Ethylene dichloride.

87. Animal husbandry

88. Animal husbandry
The branch of agriculture that deals with the feeding, caring and breeding of domestic animals.
It requires- planning for domestic animal’s shelter, breeding, health, disease control and proper economic utilization.

89. Cattle farming
Cattles reared for milk, meat, leather and transportation.
Generic name of cow- Bos indicus- well adapted for drier regions.
Generic name of buffalo- Bubalus Bubalis- well adapted for wet areas and river beds.

90. Breeds of cow.
Drought breeds-Give little milk, meat is tough. Used as beast of burden in various agricultural practices.
Dairy breeds- For milk purpose
Dual purpose breeds- For both the purposes.
Indigenous breeds of cows- Red Sindhi, sahiwal, Gir.
Breeds of buffaloes- Murrah ,mehsana , surti.
Exotic breeds of cow- Jersey, Brown swiss

91. Breed improvement for high production of milk
Milk production depends on lactation period- Period between birth of young one and the next pregnancy.
Milk production can be increased by increasing lactation period.
Lactation period of some indigenous breeds of cows are- Red Sindhi-231 to 345 days, Sahiwal days etc.

92. Method used for breed improvement
Selective breeding
Natural method of breeding
Artificial method of breeding- artificial insemination.
(IVRI-Izatnagar)
Embryo transplant

93. Natural method of breeding
It takes place by cross breeding between the desi( indigenous cow) and the bull of high milk yielding exotic breed by the natural mating process during the fertility period of cow.

94. Artificial method/artificial insemination
The process of injecting the semen obtained from desired male bull of high milk yielding breed into the reproductive tract of female animal during heat ( fertility) period is called artificial insemination.

95. Advantages of artificial insemination
Animals of desired characteristics can be raised.
It is cheap, because semen from a single bull can be used to impregnate several thousands cows.( appr. 3000)
Semen can be easily transported even to remote areas.
high quality semen is available all the time and all the places, whereas high quality bull is not.
It gives high rate of successful fertilization.

96. Importance of selective breeding
Development of new and better varieties of livestock.
Desired characteristics like
Tolerance to climatic condition.
Increased lactation period.
High yield of milk and meat.
Resistance to disease.
Proper age of reproduction.
Good heath
General appearance.

97. Farm management practice
Food
Shelter
Protection from diseases
Ventilation
Antibiotics
Hormones
Minerals

98. Components of cattle feed
1. Roughage- largely contains fibres such as green fodder, silage, hay and legumes.
2. Concentrates- these are mixture of substances which are rich in on or more of the nutrients.
*They are low in fibres and contain relatively high proteins and other nutrients.
*Eg- Grains of maize, oil seeds, cotton seeds, jowar, bajra, gram and by products of cereals.

99. Diseases of cattle's and buffaloes
Parasitic diseases-
External parasite (Lice, ticks)- Skin disease
Internal parasites (worms, fluke)- damage internal organs mostly liver.
Viral disease- Cow pox, Rot and mouth diseases, Rinder pest.
Bacterial disease- Anthrax, Tuberculosis, Mastitis ,Brucellosis.
Fungal disease- Ring worm

100. Poultry farming

101. Types Egger/ layer- Egg laying poultry
Chicken/ broiler- Poultry reared for obtaining meat.

102. Comparison Layers/egger Broilers/chicken Maintained for getting meat
They are raised upto 6-7 weeks in poultry farms and then sent to marked for meat production.
Require conditions to grow fast&low mortality.
Requires food rich in proteins and vitamin A and K. Fat content should be adequate.
Managed for the purpose of getting egg.
They start producing eggs at the age of 20 weeks,so they are kept for layer period depending upon laying period.
requires enough space and adequate lighting.
Require restricted and calculated feed with Vit, minerals and micro nutrients

103. Poultry breeds
Desi or indigenous breeds- Aseel, Chittagong, Ghaghus and Busra
Exotic breeds- White Leghorn, Rhode Island Red,
Cross breeds-HH 260, IBL 80, B77

104. Cross breeding to develop improved varieties of desirable traits.
Quantity and quality of chicks.
Low maintenance requirement.
Improvement in egg production, reduction in size of layers, ability to utilize more fibrous cheap diet.
Dwarf broiler parent- tolerence to high temperature and for commercial production

105. Production of egg Layers stars laying eggs at the age of 20 weeks.
Egg production period in commercial layer= 500 days.
Production of vegetarian eggs – infertile egg laid by hen without mating with cock.

106. Improvement of variety of chicks with respect to quantity and quality of eggs
Egg number
Sexual maturity
Egg weight
Body weight
Feed efficiency
Egg size
Egg shape
Shell colour
Shell quality
Internal quality of egg.

107. Production of broilers
Chickens raised up to 6-7 weeks in the poultry farm.
Grown to a weight of 700 gm-1.5 kg
Feed with vitamin rich supplements( A and K) and proteins.
Care to avoid mortality.

108. Requirements For the layers Sufficient lighting for laying eggs.
Feed with vitamins, minerals and micronutrients.
For the Broilers
Conditions should be favorable for fast growth and low mortality.
Should be supplied with food rich in protein, fat, vit A and Vit K.

109. Diseases of poultry Dermitis by virus- skin effected
Fowl pox- by virus- difficult in breathing, discharge from eyes and nose, lesions in mouth etc.
Fowl cholera- by bacteria- loose motion and dehydration.
Aspergillosis- by fungus- patches on skin due to growth of moulds.

110. Fish production Fishes rich in Vit. A and D
Fisheries- capture, preservation, exploitation, and utilization of, prawns, lobster, crabs, oysters, fishes, molluscs.

111. Classification of fishery on the basis of product
Fin fishery- cartigeneous and bony fishes.
Shell fishery- Crustaceans and molluscs.

112. Classification of fishery on the basis of mode of obtaining fish
Capture fishery
Culture fishery( fish farming/ pisciculture)

113. Classification of fishery on the basis of water source
Marine fisheries
Fresh water fisheries
Brackish water fisheries( esturians/mangrove and lagoons)

114. Marine fisheries 7500 Kms coastline and extensive deep sea.
CMFRI – Eranaculum Cochin
Preferred seas fishes
Pomphrets
Tuna
Bombay duck
Salmon
Sardins

115. Modern techniques for fisheing
Fishing trawlers fitted with electronic fish locating device.
Ecosounders
Use of satellites

116. Inland fisheries
CIFRI- Central inland fishery research institute., Barrakpore.
Cage structure.
Integrated fish culture- paddy cum fish culture. E.g. Cattla cattla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala.

117. Composite fish culture/ polyculture
Monoculture- Culturing a single species in a pond.
Polyculture- culture of several species.
Criteria
Species having different feeding habits.
Compatible species to avoid competition , all ecological zones exploited for achieving maximum yield.

118. Example Silver carp-surface feeder- feeds on phytoplankton.
Catla catla-Surface feeder- feeds on zooplankton.
Rohu-Middle zone of pond- feeds on decaying plants and detritus.
Mrigal- Bottom feeder- decaying plants and detrittus.
Common carp- Bottom feeder- omnivorous.

119. Improvement of fish and fish weed (quality and quantity)
Fish use in composite culture don't breed in pond environment.
Breed in rivers –eggs and seeds collected (spawn-fertilized developing egg, hatchlings, fry, fingerlings- adult)
Induced breeding solved the problem of quality seeds and breeding in pond.
Use of fish pituitary hormone-hypophysation-induced spawing(release of fertilised developing egg)
Synthetic hormone- ova prim, ovatide,nova.

120. Bee keeping Practice of bee keeping- apiculture.
Bee keeping helps in cross pollination of flower.
Can be undertaken on commercial basis as a business.
Use to treat various disorders- digestion, dysentery, vomiting and stomach and liver ailment.
Blood purifier.
Cure cough, cold, sore throat, ulcers of tongue, ulcers of stomach and intestine.
Rich in iron and calcium.
Used in pastries and cakes.

121. Products obtained from apiculture-
Honey-contains sugar, water, moisture, minerals( calcium, iron phosphate, manganese), vitamins, amino acids and pollen.
Bee wax-High melting pt(140 F)secreted by wax gland of worker bee. Used for manufacture of cosmetics, candles, cold creams, shaving creams, polishes, lipsticks.

122. Honey bee varieties for bee keeping
Indigenous variety
Apis dorsata ( Rock bee) Apis florae (Little bee) Apis cerana indica( Indian bee)
Exotic varieties
Apis mellifera ( European or Italian bee)
Apis adamsoni ( S.A. bee)

123. Continue Queen- laying eggs
1. Lays both fertilized( diploid) and unfertilised(haploid) eggs.
2. Fertile eggs- queen and workers
3. Unfertilized egg- Drones.
days, larvae feeds on royal jelly( Secreted by hypo pharyngeal glands of the younger workers). After that bee bread- Honey + Pollen grain given.
5. Queen forming larvae feeds on royal jelly during full larval life, taken into queen’s chamber..
Drone- haploid fertile male
Sting less, noisy, can’t gather food, mate, made to live hive to save honey.
Workers- diploid sterile female
Active member
Hypo pharyngeal gland ( Sec. of bee milk) wax gland ( building cells of comb) Pollen basket ( collection of pollen), sucking mouth parts ( collecting nectar) honey sac ( honey formation) sting ( defense)

124. Management of high yields of honey
Pasturage/crop.flora-mango, coconut, Guava, sunflower, Apple, Litchi,
Bee hive -special box made of wooden chambers for laying, honey collection.
Apiary location-
Honey flow and season- Abundance of flowerr
Swarming (reproduction)-younge queen leaves hive along with some workers and drones.
Selection of variety of honey bee and site selection for bee keeping- less swarming variety- Apis mellifera

125. Disease and enemies of Honey bee
Infected by virus, bacteria and protozoa.
Wasp
Moth
Mites
Birds- king crows, sparrows, blue tits, fly catchers

126. Colony and castes of honey bees
Nest- bee hive.
Compartments called comb- storage cells( honey and pollen) (2) Brood cell ( worker, drone and queen cell) Adult ( move on surface of comb).
Social insect- team work and division of labour.
Lives in Colony- one queen, 40, ,000 workers.