1. Management Information System Comprehensive and Organized
Chapter 1
Data, Information and System

2. Chapter Highlights Data, Information and System
Attributes of Information Quality
System and category
Management function wise application of IS
System integration
IS resources
Computing categories
Number system
Logic gates

3. Data, Information and System
Data is the representation of concepts or other entities, fixed in or on a medium in a form suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by human beings or by automated systems
Data is a symbol set that is qualified or quantified
Data is defined as a body of facts or figures gathered systematically for one or more specific purposes

4. Transformation from Data to Wisdom

5. Attributes of Information Quality
Contextual Information Quality
Relevancy
Timeliness
Value-Added
Completeness
Intrinsic
Information Quality
Accuracy
Objectivity
Believability
Reputation
Consistent
Representational
Information Quality
• Interpretability
• Format
• Coherence
• Compatibility
• Intelligible

6. System and its Category
Open System & Closed System
Conceptual and Empirical
Social, People-Machine & Machine
Natural and Manufactured
Permanent and temporary
Stationary and non-stationary
Subsystems and super systems
Adaptive and Non adaptive System
Deterministic System and probabilistic system

7. Management Functionwise Application of Information System

8. System Integration Vertical Integration Horizontal Integration
Subsystems are integrated according to their functionality by creating "silos" of functional entities, beginning with the bottom basic function upward (vertical).
For example, integration of financial, marketing, production and HR subsystems is vertical integration.
Horizontal Integration
Also known as Enterprise Service Bus (ESB).
Here, a specialized subsystem is focused on communication between the remaining subsystems.
An enterprise service bus (ESB) implements a communication system between mutually interacting software applications in a service-oriented architecture (SOA).

9. System Integration Star Integration (Spaghetti)
Where each system is coordinated with all other subsystems.
Also known as "Spaghetti Integration" because each subsystem is connected to multiple subsystems, so that the diagrams of the interconnections look like a star.

10. Information System Resources
Hardware Resources
Server, Desktop, Laptop, iPad, Smartphone, Printer, Plotter, Scanner, Primary and Secondary Storage devices
Software Resources
Systems software, Application software (including tools Middleware, Groupware), Programming language.
Data Resources
Forms and Reports, Text/Numeric Data Files, Video and Audio files, Database, Messages
Network Resources
Bridge, Switch, Routers, Firewall, Hub, Cables
Human Resources
Project Manager, System analyst, Application Architect, Programmer, Tester, Data entry operator

11. Computing Categories
Hard computing, i.e., conventional computing requires a precisely stated analytical model and often a lot of computation time. Many analytical models are valid for ideal cases. Real world problems exist in a non-ideal environment. The premises and guiding principles of hard Computing are precision, certainty, and rigor.
Many contemporary problems do not lend themselves to precise solutions such as recognition problems (handwriting, speech, objects, images, mobile robot coordination, forecasting etc. This is where soft computing comes to its rescue.
Soft computing differs from conventional (hard) computing in that, unlike hard computing, it is tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximation. In effect, the role model for soft computing is the human mind. The principal constituents, i.e., tools, techniques, of Soft Computing are:
Fuzzy Logic
Neural Networks
Support Vector Machines
Evolutionary Computation
Machine Learning and Probabilistic Reasoning

12. Number System Decimal System
The number system used commonly is the decimal number system.
Decimal number system has base 10 as it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9.
Example of Decimal System
(5×1000) + (6×100) + (7×10) + (8×1)
(5×103) + (6 × 102) + (7 × 101) + (8 × 100)
5678

13. Number System Binary Numeral System – Base-2
In base two, the columns or “places” for 20 = 1, 21 = 2, 22 = 4, 23 = 8, 24 = 16, and so forth.
Binary Number
23 = 8; = 4; 21= 2; 20= 1
Decimal Equivalent
0001
(0×23) + (0×22) + (0×21) + (1×20) 1
0010
(0×23) + (0×22) + (1×21) + (0×20) 2
0011
(0×23) + (0×22) + (1×21) + (1×20) 3
0100
(0×23) + (1×22) + (0×21) + (0×20) 4
0101
(0×23) + (1×22) + (0×21) + (1×20) 5
0110
(0×23) + (1×22) + (1×21) + (0×20) 6
0111
(0×23) + (1×22) + (1×21) + (1×20) 7
1000
(1×23) + (0×22) + (0×21) + (0×20) 8
1001
(1×23) + (0×22) + (0×21) + (1×20) 9
1010
(1×23) + (0×22) + (1×21) + (0×20) 10

14. Binary Arithmetic – Binary Addition
Binary addition works in the same way, except that only 0’s and 1’s can be used, instead of the whole spectrum of 0-9. This actually makes binary addition much simpler than decimal addition, as we only need to remember the following:
Rules of Binary Addition
0 + 0 = 0
0 + 1 = 1
1 + 0 = 1
1 + 1 = 0 and carry 1 to the next significant digit
As an example of binary addition we have,
Binary Decimal
1 1 (Carry)

15. Boolean Algebra and Logic Gate
Boolean algebra is the foundation of the digital (logic) circuits.
It uses only the binary numbers i.e. 0 and 1, better known as Binary Algebra or logical Algebra. Boolean algebra was invented by George Boole in 1854.
Rules in Boolean Algebra
Following are the important rules used in Boolean algebra.
Variable used can have only two values.
Binary 1 for HIGH and Binary 0 for LOW.
Complement of a variable is represented by an overbar (-).
Thus, complement of variable B is represented as 
ORing of the variables is represented by a plus (+) sign between them. For example ORing of A, B, C is represented as A + B + C.
Logical ANDing of the two or more variable is represented by writing a dot between them such as A.B.C. Sometime the dot may be omitted like ABC.

16. Logic Gate Truth Table
For example, consider a single 2-input logic circuit with input variables labelled as A and B.
There are “four” possible input combinations or 22 of “OFF” and “ON” for the two inputs.
However, when dealing with Boolean expressions and especially logic gate truth tables, we do not general use “ON” or “OFF” but instead give them bit values which represent a logic level “1” or a logic level “0” respectively.
Then the four possible combinations of A and B for a 2-input logic gate is given as:
Input Combination 1. – “OFF” – “OFF” or ( 0, 0 )
Input Combination 2. – “OFF” – “ON” or ( 0, 1 )
Input Combination 3. – “ON” – “OFF” or ( 1, 0 )
Input Combination 4. – “ON” – “ON” or ( 1, 1 )

17. Logic Gate Truth Table 2-input AND Gate
For a 2-input AND gate, the output Q is true if BOTH input A “AND” input B are both true, giving the Boolean Expression of: (Q = A and B).

18. Logic Gate Truth Table 2-input OR (Inclusive OR) Gate
For a 2-input OR gate, the output Q is true if EITHER input A “OR” input B is true, giving the Boolean Expression of: ( Q = A or B ).

19. Logic Gate Truth Table NOT Gate
For a single input NOT gate, the output Q is ONLY true when the input is “NOT” true, the output is the inverse or complement of the input giving the Boolean Expression of: ( Q = NOT A )

20. Logic Gate Truth Table 2-input NAND (Not AND) Gate
For a 2-input NAND gate, the output Q is true if BOTH input A and input B are NOT true, giving the Boolean Expression of: (Q = not (A and B) ).

21. Logic Gate Truth Table 2-input NOR (Not OR) Gate
For a 2-input NOR gate, the output Q is true if BOTH input A and input B are NOT true, giving the Boolean Expression of: (Q = NOT (A or B) )

22. Logic Gate Truth Table 2-input EX-OR (Exclusive OR) Gate
For a 2-input Ex-OR gate, the output Q is true if EITHER input A or if input B is true, but NOT both giving the Boolean Expression of: (Q = (A and NOT B) or (NOT A and B)).

23. Logic Gate Truth Table 2-input EX-NOR (Exclusive NOR) Gate
For a 2-input Ex-NOR gate, the output Q is true if BOTH input A and input B are the same, either true or false, giving the Boolean Expression of: ( Q = (A and B) or (NOT A and NOT B) ).

24. Logic Gate Truth Table Summary

25. Questions Explain the transformation process from data to knowledge
What are the attributes of information quality? Discuss
List the categories of systems with examples
What is the difference between decimal system and binary system?
Describe with proper diagrams different logic gates

26. Data, Information and System
End of Chapter 1 Thank you