1. Minerals of the Earth’s Crust
Chapter 1:
Minerals of the Earth’s Crust
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2. Inorganic- not made from living things Minerals make up rocks
What Is a Mineral?
Minerals: a naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure.
Inorganic- not made from living things
Minerals make up rocks
Crystals: Mineral crystals are solid, geometric forms that are produced by a repeating pattern of atoms
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3. Silicate Minerals: contain a combination of silicon and oxygen.
Two Groups of Minerals
Silicate Minerals: contain a combination of silicon and oxygen.
Examples: quartz, feldspar, and mica.
Nonsilicate Minerals: do not contain a combination of the elements silicon and oxygen.
Examples: calcite, fluorite, and gypsum.
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4. Identifying Minerals
Color- Minerals display a wide variety of colors and can be found in multiple colors. Color is not the best way to identify a mineral because of impurities.
Luster- The way a surface reflects light. Minerals have metallic, submetallic, or nonmetallic luster.
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Streak: The color of a mineral in powdered form. It can be found by rubbing the mineral against a piece of unglazed porcelain called a streak plate.

5. Identifying Minerals
Cleavage and Fracture: The way a mineral breaks is determined by the arrangement of its atoms.
Cleavage is the tendency of some minerals to break along smooth, flat surfaces.
Fracture is the tendency of some minerals to break unevenly along curved or irregular surfaces.
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6. Identifying Minerals
Density: is the measure of how much matter is in a given amount of space. Different minerals have different densities.
Hardness: A mineral’s resistance to being scratched is called hardness. To determine the hardness of minerals, scientists use Mohs hardness scale
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7. Mohs Hardness Scale
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Reading the Scale Notice that talc has a rating of 1 and diamond has a rating of 10. The greater a mineral’s resistance to being scratched is, the higher the mineral’s rating is.

8. Special Properties of Some Minerals
Some properties are particular to only a few types of minerals.
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9. The Mining and Use of Minerals
Ore- a mineral deposit large enough and pure enough to be mined for profit.
Two types of mining
Surface Mining When mineral deposits are located at or near the surface of the Earth. Types of surface mines include open pits, surface coal mines, and quarries.
Subsurface Mining When mineral deposits are located too deep within the Earth to be surface mined. Subsurface mining often requires that passageways be dug into the Earth to reach the ore.

10. Responsible Mining
Reducing Effects of Mining Two ways to reduce the effects of mining are the reclamation of mined land and the recycling of mineral products.
Mine Reclamation The process by which land used for mining is returned to its original state or better is called reclamation. Reclamation of mined public and private land has been required by law since the mid-1970s.
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11. The Use of Minerals
Metallic Minerals: have shiny surfaces, do not let light pass through them, and are good conductors of heat and electricity.
Nonmetallic Minerals: have shiny or dull surfaces, may let light pass through them, and are good insulators of electricity.
Gemstones Some nonmetallic minerals, called gemstones, are highly valued for their beauty and rarity rather than for their usefulness.
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