1. Catholicism Beyond Europe
Dr Julia McClure
Assistant Professor in Global History

2. Structure 1. Questioning the link between Catholicism & Europe
2. Catholicism as global movement
Pilgrimage, mission, empire
Ideology, Conflict, conversion
3. Exporting the Catholic Reformation
3. Indigenous Catholicisms
4. Kinetic Catholicism

3. Aims Question the historic geopolitics of religion
Explore the links between religion & space: sacred landscapes
Assess religion as a facilitator of global connections and transcultural interactions

4. Globally Recycled Catholicism

5. Christianity’s long global history
Monastery of St George in Homs in Syria, built in the early 5 c. (Greek Orthodox).
St George, a monolithic Ethiopian Orthodox Christians church built in Ethiopia, 12-13th c.

6. Legends of Catholicism Beyond Europe
The Legend of Prestor John
Virgen de Candelaria de Tenerife

7. The Geometry of World Religions

8. The beginning of Catholicism in Europe

9. Acculturation at the heart of Christianity Happy Christmas!

10. Islam in Europe

11. Transcultural Blends of Catholicism in Europe Mudejar Architecture

12. 2. Catholicism: on the move since the Middle Ages

13. Catholicism on the move in early modernity: The Spanish & Portuguese Empires

14. Spanish Empire at its height

15. Religion and Empire
‘Alexander, bishop, servant of the servants of God, to the illustrious sovereigns, our very dear son in Christ, Ferdinand, king, and our very dear daughter in Christ, Isabella, queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon, Sicily, and Granada, health and apostolic benediction. Among other works well pleasing to the Divine Majesty and cherished of our heart, this assuredly ranks highest, that in our times especially the Catholic faith and the Christian religion be exalted and be everywhere increased and spread, that the health of souls be cared for and that barbarous nations be overthrown and brought to the faith itself’ Inter Caetera, Papal Bull, May 4, 1493, Alexander VI

16. Sacred Empires

17. ‘Ceremonies of Possession’

18. Rituals of empire: Arrival of the ‘Twelve Franciscan Apostles’ 1524
Mural from Parish church in Ozumba

19. Franciscan New World 1485 / 1491 Columbus visits La Rábida
1493 Franciscans arrive in Hispaniola
1505 First Franciscan province in Americas est.
1510 Fray Gerónimo de Aguilar helps est. first permanent Spanish settlement in mainland America, in Santa María la Antigua del Darién
1513 Juan de Quevedo becomes first bishop of mainland America
1524 Arrival of ‘Doce apóstoles’ in Mexico
1525 Huejoztingo, 1531 Huaquechula, 1532 Tlalmanalco, monasteries est.
1553 est. In Peru
1565 est. In Ecuador
1575 est. In Venezuela
Franciscan missions in Alta California

20. Spaces of mission: The Franciscan New World
Tlaxcala Cathedral, Mexico, Franciscan convent constructed
San Martin Caballero Huaquechula,
Mexico, 1532
Texcoco Cathedral, Mexico, on site of 16th century Franciscan monastery, rebuilt in 1664

21. Andrés de San Miguel (1577-1644)
Mexico City , 1638

22. California Missions (1769-1833)
Fray Junípero Serra ( )

23. Jesuit Reductions 1540 Order Founded c. 1570 Arrived in America
17th &18th century established ‘Indian Reductions’ in ‘Paraguay’
1767 expulsion of the Jesuits from America
1773 suppression of Order elsewhere

24. Paraguay: The Jesuit State
This is a map from 1732 depicting Paraguay and Chiquitos with the missions San Xavier (S. Xavier), Concepción (Concepc.), San Rafael de Velasco (S. Raphael), San Miguel de Velasco (S. Miguel), San José de Chiquitos (San Joseph) and San Juan Bautista (S. Juan).

25. 3. Exporting the Catholic Reformation
Jesuits
Inquisition
Tridentine Catechisms
Sacramental discipline
Charity cultures: confraternities

26. Exporting the Catholic Reformation Debates over baptismal practises continued in the Americas

27. Exporting the Catholic Reformation Global Inquisition
Diego de Landa (auto de Fe, Mani, 1562)
Tlaxcala Codex,
Historia de Tlaxcala, Diego Muñoz Camargo (c. 1585), Folio 241v

28. Conversion & Cultural Destruction
Tlaxcala Codex,
Historia de Tlaxcala, Diego Muñoz Camargo (c. 1585), Folio 242r

29. 3. Indigenous Catholicisms (Simple) Overview of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica

30. A More Complex Picture Politically

31. Amerindian Religions
Aztec Deities Maya Deities Zapotec Deities Chichimeca Deities

32. Cultural Encounter & Ethnography Bernardino da Sahágun: The Florentine Codex

33. Jesuit Ethnography?

34. Global Catholicism: Mission Hybridity
San Jacinto, San Angel, Mexico City

35. Adaptation, Acculturation or Appropriation?
Mesoamerican world-tree,
codex Vindobonensis c. 1500
Convent of San Augustin in Acolman, Mexico

36. Multidirectional cultural fusion?
Franciscan Triptych, Institution of the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper, 16th century (NY MET)

37. New Mission History: Spaces of Adaptation
Erick Langer and Robert H. Jackson eds, The New Latin American Mission History (Nebraska, 1995)
James Saeger, The Chaco Mission Frontier: The Guaycurúan Experience (Tucson, 2000)
Susan Deeds, ‘Review: Pushing the Borders of Latin American Mission History’, Latin American Research Review 39, no. 2 (2004), pp

38. Religion: blurring the boundaries
Indigenous wooden casket with marquetry. 17th CE. Made by a local native artist from Chaco (frontier region between Paraguay and Bolivia). It shows two Chaco natives preventing a Spanish settler to enter the interior of the Jesuit mission
(Museo Charcas, Bolivia)

39. Indigenous Catholicism: Our Lady of Guadalupe

40. Indigenous Catholicism
‘Beliefs and ritual actions are often invested with new meanings or change directions, as they are introduced in novel situations and social frameworks, different from those in which they were initially developed’ (Max Weber, 1952)

41. Indigenous Catholicism: Mariology
Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary of La Naval de Manila

42. ‘Local’ Saints: Catarina de San Juan

43. Transpacific Route of the Spanish Empire
Friar Andres de Urdaneta (Augustinian)

44. Beyond the Americas…

46. The Jesuits in East Asia
Giovanni Filippo di Marini, Historia et Relatione del Tunchino e del Giappone

47. Global Mariology

48. Resistance to the Spread of Catholicism

49. ‘Kinetic Catholicism’

50. Global Catholicism Today

51. Conclusion Disrupting the familiar geographies of Catholicism
Sacred Empires
‘Christianization’?: Adaptation, Acculturation or Appropriation?
Exporting Catholic Reformation
Indigenous Catholicism
Kinetic Catholicism