1. Plaque Forming Unit (PFU)
معايرة وتشخيص الأصابة الفيروسية Titration and diagnostic assays of Viral infection
معايرة الروائف Plaque assay
- Titer
- Purification
Plaque Forming Unit (PFU)

2. معايرة الروائف Plaque assay

3. معايرة التحول Transformation assay Non - CPE
معايرة وتشخيص الأصابة الفيروسية Titration and diagnostic assays of Viral infection
معايرة الروائف Plaque assay
- Titer
- Purification
Plaque Forming Unit (PFU)
معايرة التحول Transformation assay Non - CPE
Focal assay - Foci
Focus - Forming unit (FFU)
Oncogenic RNA virus

4. Agglutination/Hemagglutination
Definition - tests that have as their endpoint the agglutination of a particulate antigen
Agglutinin/hemagglutinin Y + 
Qualitative agglutination test
Ag or Ab

5. معايرة التلزن الدموي Hemagglutination assay
Influenza, Measles
RBC+ V Lattice (+)
RBC No (-)
Virus titer
(HAU)
معايرة تثبيط التلزن الدموي Hemagglutination inhibition assay
Ab- Titer

6. Agglutination/Hemagglutination
Quantitative agglutination test
Titer
Prozone
(HAU)
1/2
1/4
1/8
1/16
1/32
1/64
1/128
1/256
1/512
1/1024
Pos.
Neg.
Titer 64 8
512
<2 32
128 4
Patient 1 2 3 5 6 7

7. Ab- Titer RBC+ V Lattice (+) RBC No (-) Virus titer
معايرة التلزن الدموي Hemagglutination assay
Influenza, Measles
RBC+ V Lattice (+)
RBC No (-)
Virus titer
(HAU)
معايرة تثبيط التلزن الدموي Hemagglutination inhibition assay
Ab- Titer

8. معايرة تثبيت المكمل (مرافق ) Complement Fixation Test (CFT)
(+) , (-) of -Ab Ag/ Ab- comp Fixed RBC no Lysis (+) Ag - comp Not Fixed RBC Lysis (-)
إختبار التعادل Neutralization Test Ab - Titer Serotyping
TCID50: Tissue Culture Infectious Dose

9. Complement Fixation Y Methodology Ag No Ag
Ag mixed with test serum to be assayed for Ab
Standard amount of complement is added
Erythrocytes coated with Abs is added
Amount of erythrocyte lysis is determined Ag
No Ag Ag Y
Patient’s
serum Ag Y

10. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA)
Lattice formation not required

11. ELISA for Ab Y Quantitative Ab detection Immobilize Ag
Solid
Phase Y Ag
Immobilized
Ab in
Patient’s
sample
Labeled
Anti-Ig
Ab detection
Immobilize Ag
Incubate with sample
Add labeled anti-Ig
Amount of labeled Ab bound is proportional to amount of Ab in the sample
Quantitative

12. ELISA for Ag Y Quantitative Ag detection Immobilize Ab
Incubate with sample
Add labeled antibody
Amount of labeled Ab bound is proportional to the amount of Ag in the sample
Solid
Phase Y Ag
Immobilized
Ag in
Patient’s
sample
Labeled Ab
Quantitative

13. Tests for Cell Associated Antigens
Lattice formation not required
Tests for Cell Associated Antigens

14. Immunofluorescence Direct Y
Ab to tissue Ag is labeled with fluorochrome Ag Y
Fluorochrome
Labeled Ab
Tissue Section

15. Immunofluorescence Y Qualitative to Semi-Quantitative Indirect
Ab to tissue Ag is unlabeled
Fluorochrome-labeled anti-Ig is used to detect binding of the first Ab. Ag Y
Fluorochrome
Labeled Anti-Ig
Tissue Section
Unlabeled Ab
Qualitative to Semi-Quantitative

17. polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Nucleic acid detection
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

19. الطريقة الفيزيائية Physical Method
ELISA, HA, EM …etc Infectious + Non infectious particles
الطريقة الحيوية Biological Method
Plaque assay , TCID50….etc Infectious particles