1. three Chapter Eleven Organizing and Structuring Global Operations.
Learning Concepts – Chapter 11
Chapter Eleven
1. Understand about organizational design in Multinational Enterprises. Learn that design is a function of both strategy and structure.
2. Understand that power relationships, information flow, and perceptions of strategic importance for Multinational Enterprise strategic business units will vary on a country basis, and on a cultural basis.
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2. three Chapter Eleven Organizing and Structuring Global Operations.
Learning Concepts – Chapter 11 (cont)
Chapter Eleven
3. State the varying types of structures that are available to Multinational Enterprises.
4. Understand that integration of international operations is among the most important functions of organizational design in the Multinational Enterprise.

3. Organization and Structure: Aetna
In 2000, Aetna announced it would restructure into two divisions: Global Financial Services and Global Health. The new structure would improve knowledge flow globally, and was consistent with structural changes made by other large Multinational Enterprises.

4. International Strategy and Organization Design
The objective of organizational design (OD) is to provide, maintain, and develop organizational structures that work toward the achievement of corporate goals. OD helps create a workable structure of tasks and positions that create the physical organization and jobs.
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5. International Strategy and Organization Design
Organizational structure is ultimately driven by strategy; in the near term however, strategy is shaped by organizational structure, because structure provides a constraint to action. Structure is relatively immobile in the short run; in the longer term, it can (and does) change.
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6. International Strategy and Organization Design
What’s the purpose of structure? Global Integration and Local Responsiveness. Every business seeks efficiency and effective structures to organize tasks. In the global environment, structures take on differing forms in order to effectively answer cultural demands and respond to global environments.

7. MNE Strategy and Design
As we indicated, the purpose of global OD is to create structures that work well in diverse locations, while aiding coordination, and allowing for quick responsiveness to market demands. There are three main strategies global corporations use: The Transnational Strategy, The Global Strategy, and the Multi-Domestic Strategy.

8. MNE Strategy and Design: The Transnational
The Transnational Strategy seeks to achieve global efficiency and local responsiveness. It has a shared vision under a corporate umbrella,
but alters operations for local
demands.

9. MNE Strategy and Design: The Global
The Global Strategy has relative stability across markets in order to facilitate strategic and operational control.

10. MNE Strategy and Design: The Multi-Domestic
The Multi-domestic Strategy has strategic and operational decisions allocated to business units in each country. It permits customization,
but interferes with economy of scale,
learning, and information
coordination.

11. Subsidiary Roles and Imperatives
Corporations commonly have subsidiaries that operate in host environments. They play a key part in balancing integration and local responsiveness through playing an autonomous role, a receptive role, or an active role.

12. Subsidiary Roles and Imperatives: Autonomous
The Autonomous Role has a subsidiary performing most activities of the value chain independently of HQ, selling output in a local market or in markets the autonomous subsidiary can arrange. Commonly used with Multi-Domestic Strategy.

13. Subsidiary Roles and Imperatives: Receptive
The Receptive Role has subsidiary functions that are integrated with HQ for other units. An example is where the subsidiary imports or exports components to other subsidiaries for redistribution or final assembly. Commonly used with Global Strategy.

14. Subsidiary Roles and Imperatives: Active Role
The Active Role has many activities performed locally, but coordinated with subsidiaries. Commonly used with Transnational Strategy, with mandate from HQ, and flexibility for adaptation.

15. Multinational Enterprise Organizational Structure
National Subsidiary Structure, the “mother – daughter design”
International Divisional Structure, with domestic business and all international operations shifted to a “specialist” international division
Global Functional Structure, where functions are performed in each location in order to be adaptive to local demands
Global Geographic Structure, where divisions can be based on political borders, cultural similarity, economic similarity, business prospects, regional integration, tax, or logistics considerations

16. The Global Product Structure
The Global Product Structure locates manufacturing and value creation activities in appropriate global locations to increase efficiency, quality, or innovation. Global divisions are responsible for Global Product Design and operate in divisional, cluster, or holding company formats.

17. The Global Product Structure: advantages
Global vision, resource leverage, strategic focus, simplicity, accountability, standard product introductions, enhanced speed and decision quality, self-contained product development and introduction, development of talent, low interference from other divisions

18. The Global Product Structure: disadvantages
No sharing of information, little cooperation between divisions, costly to maintain, duplicated functions, difficult to organize communication

19. The Global Matrix Structure
The Global Matrix Structure contains simultaneous, intersecting differentiation bases, with employees reporting to a functional and a product manager simultaneously

20. The Mixed Structure
The Mixed Structure is most common in the Multinational Enterprise. It uses localization in product development, marketing, sales, and service. At the same time functions that benefit from scale advantages, like purchasing, are centralized

21. Integrating Global Operations
Integration of global operations is among the most important issues facing Multinational Enterprises. At issue is Control, Coordination, and maintenance of a Strategic Orientation.

22. Integrating Global Operations: Control
Control is the intervention in operations to maintain quality through feed-forward, concurrent, or feedback oriented information. Multinational Enterprises use output, bureaucratic, cultural, and many other mechanisms to provide information that helps the firm maintain progress toward its goals while realizing desired outcomes.

23. Integrating Global Operations: Coordination
Coordination provides linkages between different task units within an organization. Coordination helps the Multinational Enterprise deal with breadth and diversity. Mechanisms include centralization/decentralization, formalization, planning, output control, targets, and behavioral controls. Organizations also use informal mechanisms for coordination which include informal relationships, informal communication, and culture.

24. Integrating Global Operations: Strategic Orientation
Maintaining Strategic Orientation is “Mission Critical” to the competitive success of the Multinational Enterprise. Creating a vision of shared direction and market orientation in lieu of more formal controls has the greater sustained effect, costs less, and is more acceptable to people associated with the firm.

25. Tools for Global Integration
Data Management
Management And Human Resources
Communication Intensity
Socialization Practice
Expatriate Dispatching
Entry Mode Selection And Sharing Arrangements

26. The Transition Challenge
Changing an organizational design is never easy. It requires clear communication, patience, and a clear Role played by Corporate Headquarters which provides vision, leadership, forums, and decision making.