1. Epidemiology of Emerging Zika Virus an Epidemic
Haleema Sadia1, Mukhtarullah1, Riffat Mehboob2, 7, Kausar Malik3, Johar Ali4, Amna Shafi5, Ahmad Nawaz6
1Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, 2Department of Biomedical Sciences, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan,3National Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan,4Center for Genomic Sciences, Rehman Medical Institute Peshawar, Pakistan, 5Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Lasbela District, Balochistan, Pakistan, 7Neurobiology sector, SISSA, Trieste, Italy
INTRODUCTION
DIAGNOSIS
Zika is zoonotic virus which was firstly isolated from the blood of a febrile sentinel rhesus monkey, during the yellow fever study in the Zika forest of Uganda (1947)1. Zika virus is an enveloped with a positive sense single stranded RNA of genus Flavivirus and the family is Flaviviridae 2
In 1948 the same virus was isolated from the mosquito Aedesafricanus  from the same region while first human infection caused by the Zika virus was reported in Nigeria in 19531,3.
Different blood and urine tests are being used to detect the early phase of infection and later the infection is confirmed by amplifications of virus by Real Time PCR.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Serological studies show that the Zika virus has only one serotype and three different genotypes based on geographical regions i.e., the East African, West African and the Asian lineages4,5,6.
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
Zika virus can be transmitted by bite of an infected mosquito, from infected mother to fetus during pregnancy, Sex with a Zika virus infected person, Blood transfusion between the healthy and infected individuals 7.
TREATMENT
SIGN & SYMPTOMS
Only supportive therapies are available to relieve fever and pain and to prevent dehydration caused by Zika virus infection. Medicines such as acetaminophen or paracetamol are being used. There is no vaccine available against Zika virus but the scientists are trying to check the effect of already available vaccine of Flavivirus against Zika virus as well7 
Zika virus causes fever, self-limiting illness, masculopapular rash, arthralgia, retro-orbital pain, conjunctivitis, myalgia, headache and vomiting, Brazilian scientists (2015) reported that Zika virus infection is associated with Guillain-Barré Syndrome and microcephaly in new born babies 8, which is confirmed by World Health Organization (WHO, 2016).
RECOMMENDATIONS
The Zika virus infection can be controlled by eradicating stagnant water and travelling to epidemic areas. Always use full sleeve shirts and long trousers. Use of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be avoided during supportive therapies. Zika virus does not have any standard cure yet, further studies are necessary to develop vaccines against Zika virus. Cut and paste the internal material of zika virus treatment. And paste.
REFERENCES
1Dick GW et al. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg46, 509–520 (1952).
2Kuno G, et al. J Virol 72 73–83 (1998)
3http://
4KA Dowd et al. Cell Reports  (2016).
5Heang V. ZiV infection, Cambodia, Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:349–51
6Tognarelli, J. et al. Arch. Virol. 161, 665–668 (2015).
7CDC.
8Kindhauser MK et al Bull World Health Organ E-pub, 9 Feb 2016