1. Reaction Mechanisms And pathways
Lecturer: Zulfakar Mokhtar

2. Topic outlines Pseudo-steady-state-hypothesis (PSSH) Chain reaction
Reaction pathways
Enzymatic reactions

3. ACTIVE INTERMEDIATES & Non-elementary rate law
Involve a number of elementary reactions and at least one active intermediate.
Active intermediate is a high-energy molecule that reacts virtually as fast as it is formed.

4. Pseudo-steady-state-hypothesis (PSSH)
Reactive intermediate reacts virtually as fast as it is formed,
The net rate of formation of an active intermediate is zero;
This condition is referred to PSSH.
If active intermediate appears in n reactions:

5. Pseudo-steady-state-hypothesis (PSSH)
Gas-phase decomposition of azomethane (AZO) to give ethane and nitrogen:
From experimental observations;
- At high concentration (pressure > 1 atm)
- At low concentration;

6. How to explain this first and second order depending on the concentration of AZO?
The following mechanism is proposed:
Reaction 1: two AZO molecules collide and the kinetic energy of one AZO molecule is transferred to internal rotation an vibrational energies of the other AZO molecule. It becomes activated and highly reactive (AZO*).
Reaction 2: The activated molecule (AZO*) is deactivated through collision with another AZO.
Reaction 3: The highly activated AZO*, which is wildly vibrating, spontaneously decomposes into ethane and nitrogen.

7. The following mechanism is proposed:
Each of the reaction steps is elementary.
The rate laws for the active intermediate AZO*:
However, the concentration of AZO* is not readily measurable.

8. Use PSSH to obtain a rate law in terms of measurable concentrations
The rate of formation of product:
The net rate of AZO*,
Solving for CAZO* :
(Eq. 7-6)
(Eq. 7-7)
(Eq. 7-8)

9. At low AZO concentrations:
Obtain second order rate law:

10. At high AZO concentrations:
Obtain first-order rate kinetics:

11. CHAIN REACTIONS A chain reaction consists of the following sequence:
1. Initiation:
- formation of an active intermediate
2. Propagation or chain transfer:
- interaction of an active intermediate with the reactant or product to produce another active intermediate
3. Termination:
- deactivation of the active intermediate to form products

12. Example 7-2
The thermal decomposition of ethane to ethylene, methane, butane and hydrogen is believed to proceed in the following sequence:

13. E7-2.1
E7-2.2

14. E7-2.3
E7-2.4
E7-2.5
E7-2.6

15. E7-2.7
E7-2.8

16. E7-2.9
E7-2.3
E7-2.10

17. E7-2.11
E7-2.12

18. Metabolic pathways Various steps are catalyzed by enzymes.
The metabolism of alcohol is catalyzed by a different enzyme in each step:

19. ENZYMATIC REACTION
Enzyme is a high-molecular-weight protein, which accelerate reaction 103 to 1017 times faster than the uncatalyzed rate.
For a reaction of a substrate (S) to form a product (P):
Catalyzed reaction pathway:
where is an active intermediate

20. Enzyme provide an alternate pathway for the reaction to occur
Require a lower activation energy

21. Mechanisms of Urea decomposition using urease into CO2 and ammonia:
1. Urease (E) reacts with the substrate urea (S) to form enzyme-substrate complex ( ).
2. The decompose back to urea (S) and urease (E):
3. Or react with H2O to give NH3 and CO2:

22. Rate law for Reaction (7-16, 7-17 and 7-18):
The net rate of disappearance of the substrate, S:

23. The net rate formation of the enzyme-substrate complex:
Using PSSH, ,
Substitute into eq. 7-19:

24. Total concentration of the enzyme in the system, Et
E = unbounded enzyme
Substitute for ,
Solving for (E):
Rate law for substrate consumption:

25. Michaelis-menten equation
A sketch of the rate of dissappearance of the substrate:

29. INHIBITION OF ENZYME REACTIONS
Three most common types:
1. Competitive
- the substrate and inhibitors compete for the same site on the enzyme.
2. Uncompetitive
- the inhibitor deactivates the enzyme-substrate complex
3. Noncompetitive
- occurs with enzyme containing at least two
different types of sites
- the substrate attaches only to one type of site
- the inhibitor attached only to the other side

30. THANK YOU