1. Review of the Literature

2. Purposes of the LR
The most important purpose is to determine what already known about the topic you wish to study
Research builds on previous knowledge
Few topics rarely have never been investigated
Serves as a basis of a topic
May form new ideas based on published reports recommendations
To replicate a study or examine another area of interest
To narrow the problem to be studied

3. Qualities of literature search
Primary source
Relevant
Adequate
Recent
Supportive to your hypothesis-assumptions or theory
Deep

4. Primary and secondary sources
Primary source of LR:
a description of a research study written by original authors (investigators). E.g. journal article, Journal of Nursing Research .
Secondary source of LR:
a description of a research study written by someone other than the study authors
Secondary sources may provide valuable insight into material, but it is the primary sources that should be read
Authors of secondary sources may misinterpret information or left important information

5. Print sources Indexes: CINAHL NSI (Nursing Studies Index)
- IM (Index Medicus)- MEDLINE
Abstracts:
Nursing Research Abstracts
Psychological abstracts
Dissertation Abstracts International
Masters abstracts international

6. Electronic sources
Online catalogs
CD-ROMs
Online Bibliographic Data bases:
- CINAHL, Journal, 1.1 million records, subject headings
CINAHL plus with full text
Registry Nursing Research
MEDLINE (Medical literature analysis and retrieval system online), over biomedical journals, 13 million records
MEDLINE Plus
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: evidence from RCTs, meta-analyses
ERIC: the world’s largest source of education information
PsycINFO: psychological abstracts
Dissertation Abstratct online (ProQuest)

7. Obtaining information from LR
APA STYLE
Quotations
Citation in text and reference
Plagiarism

8. APA Text Literature Review
Several authors (Astin, 1993; Feldman & Newcomb, 1969; Kim, 2006; Lau, 2003; Lundberg & Schreiner, 2004; Pascarella, 2006; Pascarella & Terenzini, 1991; Tinto, 1987; Thompson, 2001) dealt with student-faculty interaction as part of their study of the impact of colleges and universities on undergraduate students. Feldman and Newcomb (1969) viewed the college faculty as “the designated socializing agents” (p. 228) in the college. They affirmed that students saw faculty as having a greater impact than their peers on their “intellectual development and on their occupational and career choices” (p. 258). They defended that intellectually meaningful contact, whether it be inside or outside the classroom, had thegreatest impact on the outcomes mentioned.
Astin, A.W. (1985). Involvement: The cornerstone of excellence. Change, 17(4),
Astin, A.W. (1 993). What matters in college? Four critical years revisited San Francisco:
Jossey-Bas
Astin, A.W. (1999). Involvement in Learning revisited: Lessons we have learned. Journal of College Student Development, 40,

9. Search Strategy
Relevant literature was reviewed from different nursing databases, namely British Nursing Index (BNI), British Nursing Index Archive (BNIB), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS). Other multidisciplinary databases such as MEDLINE (Pubmed), European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (EPUAP), and National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) were used to retrieve relevant data related to different aspects of the pressure ulcer problem.
The literature was searched for:
1) studies that used quantitative methods to evaluate risk assessment scales
2) studies conducted on hospitalised patients
3) all studies considered to be systematic reviews of risk assessment scales
4) studies considered to contain or constitute information about validity and
reliability of risk assessment scale
Exclusion criteria included:
1) studies reflecting personal experience or opinion
2) case studies
3) small sample sizes (less than 30 subjects in quantitative studies)
4) studies that used qualitative methods

10. 1) The epidemiologic aspect of PU in terms of incidence and prevalence
The results of the search of nursing databases (BNI, BNIB and CINAHL) showed that no national studies were undertaken on PU prevention, management and risk assessment. PU literature mostly concerned the following:
1) The epidemiologic aspect of PU in terms of incidence and prevalence
2) The main complications of the PU problem in terms of cost burden, delayed
healing time, increased infection rate and prolongation of patients’ stay
3) Various conceptual schemes and the process of PU development
4) PU classification system
5) PU prevention programmes
* NA