1. Frequency Distribution Tables and Histogram
September 6, 2017

2. Making a Freq. Dist. Table for Grouped Data (w/ histogram)
Get the Highest and Lowest Scores.
Get the range. (HS – LS)
Determine the class width. (range) divided by (# of class intervals)
Create your class intervals. Start w/ the lowest score.
Tally your raw data. Determine frequency (f)
Check completeness of raw data through cumulative frequency (cf)
Get class mark for each interval. (lower limit + upper limit) divided by 2
Include class boundaries for each interval.
(1 place value less than the lower/upper limit ; in half-unit
increments ; to make the distribution of data continuous)
Make a HISTOGRAM: x-axis (class boundaries); y-axis (frequency)
Don’t forget your axis-break when necessary.

3. Cumulative Frequency (cf)
The data below shows scores of students in a Math long test.
72, 53, 73, 59, 68, 83, 71, 67, 77, 78, 70, 67, 63, 65, 56, 86, 47, 78, 72, 79, 67, 74, 62, 84,
92, 88, 71, 74, 81, 70, 66, 64, 75, 65, 46
Class
Interval
Boundaries
Class Mark
Frequency, f
Cumulative Frequency (cf)
46 – 53
54 – 61
62 – 69
70 – 77
78 – 85
86 – 93
45.5 – 53.5
53.5 – 61.5
61.5 – 69.5
69.5 – 77.5
77.5 – 85.5
85.5 – 93.5
49.5
57.5
65.5
73.5
81.5
89.5 3 2 10 11 6 3 5 15 26 32 35

4. HISTOGRAM – graphical representation of a frequency distribution table11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
45.5
53.5
61.5
69.5
77.5
85.5
93.5
class boundaries

5. Example: The histogram below shows the distribution of scores of students in a Math long test
Number of students 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
45.5
53.5
61.5
69.5
77.5
85.5
93.5
SCORES

6. Number of students SCORES
What is the class width? What are the limits of the 2nd interval? What is the class mark of the 5th interval? How many students took the test? How many students scored 77 or below?
Number of students 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
45.5
53.5
61.5
69.5
77.5
85.5
93.5
SCORES

7. HISTOGRAM – graphical representation of a frequency distribution table
Number of students (frequency)
How is a Histogram different from an ordinary bar graph? 11 10
The bars are adjacent, and class boundaries suggest that the data is continuous. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
45.5
53.5
61.5
69.5
77.5
85.5
93.5
SCORES (class boundaries)

8. Complete the FDT (# of bags w/ given weights in kilograms)
Class Interval
Class Boundaries
Class Mark f.
c.f.
10 – 12
13 – 15 2 8 14 19 7

9. Complete the FDT (# of bags w/ given weights in kilograms)
Class Interval
Class Boundaries
Class Mark f.
c.f.
10 – 12
13 – 15 2 8 14 19 7

10. 5 How many class intervals are there ? Answer the questions.
Class Boundaries
Class Mark f.
c.f.
10 – 12
13 – 15 2 8 14 19 7 5
How many class intervals are there ?

11. 3 What is the class width ? Answer the questions. Class Interval
Class Boundaries
Class Mark f.
c.f.
10 – 12
13 – 15 2 8 14 19 7 3
What is the class width ?

12. 15 What bag weight is most frequent ? Answer the questions.
Class Interval
Class Boundaries
Class Mark f.
c.f.
10 – 12
13 – 15 2 8 14 19 7 15
What bag weight is most frequent ?

13. 50 How many bags were weighed ? Answer the questions. Class Interval
Class Boundaries
Class Mark f.
c.f.
10 – 12
13 – 15 2 8 14 19 7 50
How many bags were weighed ?

14. 24 How many bags weighed less than 16 kg ? Answer the questions.
Class Interval
Class Boundaries
Class Mark f.
c.f.
10 – 12
13 – 15 2 8 14 19 7 24
How many bags weighed less than 16 kg ?

15. YOUR TURN!
Data shows the waistline of 24 students in AJHS.
Make an FDT w/ 5 class intervals.
Determine the following:
range, class width, class boundaries and class marks

16. STATISTICS: Measures of Central Tendency
September 6, 2017

18. STATISTICS: Measures of Central Tendency FOR UNGROUPED DATA
September 6, 2017

19. Objectives:
Identify the 3 Measures of Central Tendency
Compute for the MCT of ungrouped data
Homework:
Determine the formulas used to compute for the measures of central tendency of grouped data.

20. On the average, who earns more, teachers or engineers?
Source:
Nurse
Php 9,939
District Engineer
Php 21,655
Teacher
Php 15,841
Special Police Chief
Php 20,823
The typical salary of each of four occupations (government employees) is given above.
On the average, who earns more, teachers or engineers?

21. Source:
District Engineer
Php 21,655 /mo
Teacher
Php 15,841 / mo
It appears from the data given that, on the average, engineers have greater income than teachers.
However, take note that some teachers earn more than P15,841 per month and some engineers earn less than P21, 655 per month.

22. We are looking for an “average” income.
Source:
District Engineer
Php 21,655 /mo
Teacher
Php 15,841 / mo
We want a single number that best represents the income of all engineers or all teachers.
We are looking for an “average” income.
not near the extremes
have to be in the center

23. Mean (or Arithmetic mean) Median Mode
The most commonly used “averages” or Measures of Central Tendency are
Mean (or Arithmetic mean)
Median
Mode

24. Arithmetic mean (or simply mean)
The mean of a set of numbers is the arithmetical average of the numbers;
that is, the sum of all the numbers
divided by the number of numbers.

25. mean = Arithmetic mean (or simply mean) Example:
The recorded rainfall, in inches, for seven consecutive days in Rizal is given.
mean =
What do you think will happen to the mean if one 0.25 was changed to 0.90?

26. REMEMBER!
The calculation of the mean involves ALL the data.
Since it includes all data, having extreme values will affect the computation of the mean.

27. Median
The median of a set of numbers is the
middle number when the numbers are
arranged in order.
If there is an even number of numbers, the median is the mean of the two middle numbers.

28. Median
Example:
Arrange the numbers in order.
median =

29. REMEMBER!
The calculation of the median involves just one or two middle values.
Having extreme values will NOT really affect the computation of the median.

30. Mode
The mode of a set of numbers is
the most frequently occurring number.
There may be more than one mode, or there may be no mode.

31. Mode
Example:
mode =

32. CMCasteloySY 10-11 First Year Regular Pogram
REMEMBER!
The mode is easy to find but it does not take into consideration the bulk of the data.
Also, the mode is NOT affected by extreme values.
CMCasteloySY First Year Regular Pogram

33. Homework for Thursday, Sept 7.
(Size-1, copy and answer. Show all necessary solutions)
Find the mean, median and the mode of each set of data. Give the answers to 1 decimal place where necessary.
10, 12, 8, 9, 12, 14, 11, 15, 9, 12
2.3, 4.1, 3.7, 3.2, 2.8, 3.6
Answers:
mean: median: mode: 12
mean: median: no mode

34. What should be the value of z so that the mean is 12.4 ?
YOUR TURN!
Given this data set: z
What should be the value of z so that the mean is 12.4 ?

35. YOUR TURN! Find the mean, median and the mode in the FDT.
Scores of a class in a 555 Quiz
SCORE f 5 4 3 2 1

36. YOUR TURN! Find the mean, median and the mode of the FDT.
# of cars in household
Find the mean, median and the mode of the FDT.

37. STATISTICS: Measures of Central Tendency FOR GROUPED DATA
September 7, 2017

38. Frequency Distribution for the Weights of 50 Pieces of Luggage
Class
Interval
Boundaries
Class Mark x
Frequency f
Cumulative Frequency (cf)
10 – 12
13 – 15
6.5 – 9.5
9.5 –12.5
12.5 – 15.5
15.5 – 18.5
18.5 – 21.5 8 11 14 17 20 2 19 7 10 24 43 50
MODE for grouped data (grouped mode)

39. Frequency Distribution for the Weights of 50 Pieces of Luggage
Class
Interval
Boundaries
Class Mark x
Frequency f
Cumulative Frequency (cf)
10 – 12
13 – 15
6.5 – 9.5
9.5 –12.5
12.5 – 15.5
15.5 – 18.5
18.5 – 21.5 8 11 14 17 20 2 19 7 10 24 43 50
MEAN for grouped data (grouped mean)

40. Frequency Distribution for the Weights of 50 Pieces of Luggage
Class
Interval
Boundaries
Class Mark x
Frequency f
Cumulative Frequency (cf)
10 – 12
13 – 15
6.5 – 9.5
9.5 –12.5
12.5 – 15.5
15.5 – 18.5
18.5 – 21.5 8 11 14 17 20 2 19 7 10 24 43 50
MEDIAN for grouped data (grouped median)
L – lower boundary of median class
H - size (class width)
f – frequency (median class)
N – total frequency
C – cumulative frequency (before the median class)

41. (meaning, where are the 25th and 26th samples?)
Class
Interval
Boundaries
Class Mark (x)
Frequency, f
Cumulative Frequency (cf)
10 – 12
13 – 15
6.5 – 9.5
9.5 –12.5
12.5 – 15.5
15.5 – 18.5
18.5 – 21.5 8 11 14 17 20 2 19 7 10 24 43 50
If the total frequency is 50, where is/are the middle number/s?
L – lower boundary of median class
H - size (class width)
f – frequency (median class)
N – total frequency
C – cumulative frequency (before the median class)
(meaning, where are the 25th and 26th samples?)
Grouped
Median =

42. f Grouped Median = Class Interval Boundaries Class Mark (x) Frequency,
Cumulative Frequency (cf)
10 – 12
13 – 15
6.5 – 9.5
9.5 –12.5
12.5 – 15.5
15.5 – 18.5
18.5 – 21.5 8 11 14 17 20 2 19 7 10 24 43 50
L – lower boundary of median class
Grouped
Median =

43. f Grouped Median = 18.5-15.5 = 3 Class Interval Boundaries
Class Mark (x)
Frequency, f
Cumulative Frequency (cf)
10 – 12
13 – 15
6.5 – 9.5
9.5 –12.5
12.5 – 15.5
15.5 – 18.5
18.5 – 21.5 8 11 14 17 20 2 19 7 10 24 43 50
Grouped
Median =
L – lower boundary of median class
H - size (class width)
= 3

44. f Grouped Median = Class Interval Boundaries Class Mark (x) Frequency,
Cumulative Frequency (cf)
10 – 12
13 – 15
6.5 – 9.5
9.5 –12.5
12.5 – 15.5
15.5 – 18.5
18.5 – 21.5 8 11 14 17 20 2 19 7 10 24 43 50
Grouped
Median =
L – lower boundary of median class
H - size (class width)
f – frequency (median class)

45. f Grouped Median = 2+8+14+19+7=50 Class Interval Boundaries
Class Mark (x)
Frequency, f
Cumulative Frequency (cf)
10 – 12
13 – 15
6.5 – 9.5
9.5 –12.5
12.5 – 15.5
15.5 – 18.5
18.5 – 21.5 8 11 14 17 20 2 19 7 10 24 43 50
Grouped
Median =
L – lower boundary of median class
H - size (class width)
f – frequency (median class)
N – total frequency
=50

46. f Grouped Median = Class Interval Boundaries Class Mark (x) Frequency,
Cumulative Frequency (cf)
10 – 12
13 – 15
6.5 – 9.5
9.5 –12.5
12.5 – 15.5
15.5 – 18.5
18.5 – 21.5 8 11 14 17 20 2 19 7 10 24 43 50
L – lower boundary of median class
H - size (class width)
f – frequency (median class)
N – total frequency
C – cumulative frequency (before the median class)
Grouped
Median =

47. f Grouped Median = Class Interval Boundaries Class Mark (x) Frequency,
Cumulative Frequency (cf)
10 – 12
13 – 15
6.5 – 9.5
9.5 –12.5
12.5 – 15.5
15.5 – 18.5
18.5 – 21.5 8 11 14 17 20 2 19 7 10 24 43 50
Grouped
Median =
L – lower boundary of median class
H - size (class width)
f – frequency (median class)
N – total frequency
C – cumulative frequency (before the median class)

48. Measures of Central Tendency FOR GROUPED DATA
Grouped MODE
Grouped MEAN
Grouped MEDIAN
L – lower boundary of median class
H – size (class width) or UB – LB
f – frequency (median class)
N – total frequency
C – cumulative frequency
(before the median class)