1. PERCEPTION!

2. Perception
What is perception and how does it influence our perspectives?

3. Perception
The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensation

4. Perceptions Influenced by:
----motivation
----Values
----Expectations
----Experience
----Culture
----Cognitive Style
----Personality
And Remember…your brain takes SHORTCUTS!

5. focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
Selective Attention
focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

6. Visual Capture
tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

7. Perception – tell your neighbor the definition!
The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensation

8. “the whole is more than the sum of its
Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt Psychologists focus on how we normally perceive images as groups or as whole objects, not isolated elements
“the whole is more than the sum of its
parts ..”
Our brain takes shortcuts!

9. Figure- Ground relationship
organization of the visual field into objects (figures)……… that stand out from their surroundings (ground)
Analyzing separate information allows us to re-act to each individual object accordingly

10. What is the figure, and what is the background here?

11. Camouflage when figures blend into the background
No distinction between “figure” and “ground”

12. Where is it?

13. Our brain takes shortcuts!
Gestalt Psychology
Remember, Gestalt is our brain’s way of being efficient.
We see things as “whole”
Our brain takes shortcuts!

14. …sometimes this is great
…sometimes this is great! Automatic processes can enhance our perception

15. Olny srmat poelpe can raed tihs
Olny srmat poelpe can raed tihs! cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm.
Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Amzanig huh? yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt!

16. …sometimes this is bad! Automatic processes can interfere with our perception

17. BLUE RED GREEN RED GREEN ORANGE YELLOW PINK BROWN BLUE
Now when you see the word, say ONLY the COLOR, not the word itself…
Read the following words out loud…
BLUE
RED
GREEN
RED
GREEN
ORANGE
YELLOW
PINK
BROWN
BLUE

18. Our brain gets so used to seeing things as whole objects (top down), it struggles with the “bottom up”

19. Gestalt Perception
Other Gestalt principles involves grouping objects together (again, seeing them as “whole”)
Several factors influence how we will group objects:
Proximity
Similarity
Continuity
Closure

20. proximity
- your brain likes to group nearby figures together

21. Having trouble understanding the sign?
Your brain is trying to group the words based on proximity…

22. similarity- Objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group
Color similarity – we see two “groups” of fruit, not 10 individual ones

23. Continuity (or continuation)
The tendency to Perceive
continuous patterns

24. Continuation in artwork…

25. Two objects…or three?

26. Closure (or completeness)-
The tendency to overlook incompleteness, and complete objects
We make them fit our preconceptions

27. closure
Do you see a square?
How many triangles?

28. Familiar objects are easier for our mind to complete…

30. GESTALT = seeing things as “whole”
Gestalt cues employ principle of “praegnanz”
the brain will always favor the “simplest solution” it can find
That solution is based on what you already know and expect in a given context

31. Constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal image
There are three types of constancy cues:
Size Constancy
Shape Constancy
Brightness Constancy

32. Size Constancy
Objects closer to us will produce bigger images on our retinas, and as they move away they project a smaller image. The actual size of the object does not change

33. …our brains assume that the guys in the background are similar in height to the other people….they are just farther away…
…but look how much smaller of an image they cast on our retina….surprising isn’t it?

34. …by the same token, if an object farther away WERE the same size, our brain assumes it is much larger than it actually is…

35. Shape Constancy
Objects viewed from different angles will produce different shapes on our retina. Though we may change our position, the shape doesn’t change.

36. The 3 columns on the left and the 3 on the right are slightly different. Does the middle column belong with the left or the right?
We perceive it as being “slanted” and therefore being the same shape as the circles in the columns on the right
…but if you look carefully, you will notice that they are actually exactly the same as the circles on the left…

37. Brightness/Color Constancy
We perceive objects as having a constant color, despite lighting, shading, etc.
Are all these bricks the same color?

38. We perceive the white as a constant whiteness, regardless of the shadow, when in reality, it is the same gray as the gray squares...trust me.

41. Depth Perception
Depth Cues allow us to perceive the world in three dimensions.
Monocular Cues are depth cues that do not depend on having two eyes working in conjunction together
Binocular Cues are depth cues that depend on having two eyes working in conjunction with each other

42. Monocular Cues Relative Height Relative Size Texture Gradient
Interposition
Relative Clarity/Shadowing
Linear Perspective
Relative motion/motion parallax

43. relative size
smaller image is more distant

45. texture gradient coarse --> close fine --> distant
(Look at the floor beneath you, and then across the room)

48. Interposition/ Overlap
A closer object blocks a more distant object

50. relative clarity/shadowing
hazy object seen as more distant
Lighted objects seem closer
Darker objects seem further away

51. Relative Clarity
Notice that it is usually darker in the distance….

52. Quick! Which building is closer?
Usually, things get darker as they are farther away…sometimes it can trick us….
This building is actually closer

53. Shadowing
Notice the “perception” of depth changes when shading is reversed

55. If it doesn’t work…try clicking HERE

56. Relative Height
Objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as farther away
Vertical Dimensions are often perceived as longer than identical horizontal dimensions

57. Who’s farthest away? Who’s tallest?

60. linear perspective
parallel lines converge with distance

61. Vanishing Point – where two parallel lines connect in the distance

63. relative motion/ Motion Parallax
closer objects seem to move faster
(riding in a car, trees along the road vs. houses in the distance)

64. Artists use these all the time to give their work a true feeling of depth
Trompe l'oeil

65. Check out this picture…

66. …from a different angle!

75. Same drawing from another angle…

93. These visual tricks provide depth and dimension to artwork on walls

94. Artwork inside houses

95. And of course…. Classical Art
Escaping Criticism, 1874, by Pere Borrell del Caso

96. Binocular Cues convergence neuromuscular cue two eyes move inward for
near objects
(bring a pencil slowly toward your eyes- keep focusing on the pencil- feel your eyes move)

97. (Retinal) Binocular disparity images from the two eyes differ
closer the object, the larger the disparity
(Hold a pencil in front of you, close one eye, then close the other eye- you get two different images)

98. Binocular Depth Cues: Finger Sausage

99. Believe or not – there is a three dimensional hour glass in here!

100. Motion Eye muscle activity Changing retinal image
Contrast of the moving object and its stationary background
All combine to bring us the perception of motion

101. Motion
Stroboscopic Motion- timed flashing lights or moving pictures that give the illusion of movement

105. Factors That Influence Perceptual Interpretations
Perceptual Set
The tendency to perceive a person or a situation in a particular way due to our past experiences with similar persons or situations

106. Perpetual Set - UFO

107. Original Image – what do you see?
Original Image – what do you see?

109. “this is the first blowup to just 500 times the original
“this is the first blowup to just 500 times the original.. and addition of the cyan blue filter.. that will develop the interior of the ship”

110. “Below is the ship solarized and invert to find edges
“Below is the ship solarized and invert to find edges.. from the blue cyan filter.. this is just 500 times.. and for the abduction and cattle mutilation pix i had to go to 3000 times.. “

111. “NEXT IS CATTLE ABDUCTION FROM THE ABOVE PHOTO CUT>.”
“from the solarized version.. i go to desaturation.. of color and then increase the enlargement.. ive found for myself it is better to have the photo in black and white to see the detail.. the colors are not as clear.. and btw some of the scenes in this are sexual.. i may eventually cut some out.. but these guys are certainly preoccupied with sex.. “
“NEXT IS CATTLE ABDUCTION FROM THE ABOVE PHOTO CUT>.”

112. “this is one of the two first cuts i made and shows a horse being abducted and probably the usual cuts.. etc.. or perhaps just DNA research..”
…see anything yet? It depends on your “perceptual set” I guess…

113. …regardless of our perceptions, I think we all can agree on that…
“Below is the same picture … only OUTLINED.. and i think you can compare and see what is happening.. and certainly the ANSWER to many of the CATTLE MUTILATIONS ETC.. but i don't believe all of them.. the LIzARDS on this planet also use the horse and animals for sacrifice and ritual.. and even HANG HORSES.. these are not NOT NICE CRITTERS WHO ABUSE AND USE ALL OF THE LIFE ON THIS PLANET IN DEROGATORY METHODS...the PRIESTESS is also sometimes considered to be a REPTILIAN PRINCESS WHO TAKE CHARGE OF MUCH OF WHAT HAPPENS ON AND OFF THIS PLANET..”
“ABDUCTIONS SHOULD END”
…regardless of our perceptions, I think we all can agree on that…

114. Right side of room – get ready to close your eyes!
Perceptual Set!
Right side of room – get ready to close your eyes!

115. Right Side – Close those eyes!
Left side of the room - Get your pencil ready and be prepared to jot something in the margins of your notes!
Right Side – Close those eyes!

121. Quick! Write down what you think this a drawing of

122. Everyone open your eyes!

123. Left Side – Close those eyes!
Right side of the room - Get your pencil ready and be prepared to jot something in the margins of your notes!
Left Side – Close those eyes!

129. Quick! Write down what you think this a drawing of

130. Our expectations influence our perceptions!
Raise your hand if you said….Mouse!
Raise your hand if you said….Face!
Our expectations influence our perceptions!
Mouse…
….Face

131. Perceptual Illusions
When our normal, automatic perception processes guide us to the wrong conclusions
…because your brain takes shortcuts, what you perceive is not necessarily reality!
When our normal, automatic perception processes guide us to the wrong conclusions
…because your brain takes shortcuts, what you perceive is not necessarily reality!
Do you perceive a face?

132. Extrasensory Perception = ESP
Some people claim to have extra powers of perception
Perception not with any of your physical senses but with your mind!

133. Parapsychology includes the study of:
The study of ESP and its many forms is known as Parapsychology
PARA means “alongside”
considered by many to be a “pseudoscience”
Parapsychology includes the study of:
telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, psycho-kinesis, near-death experiences, reincarnation and apparitional experiences.
I see dead people.

134. Subliminal Perception
Thresholds imply that there must be stimulus below and beyond our current levels of detection. Can human behavior be influenced by stimulus that is below or beyond our level of awareness?

135. Subliminal messages Study! Subliminal messages STUDY!
Public concern 1957
A marketing researcher claimed dramatic increases in the sales of popcorn (58% increase!)when he flashed the phrase "Eat popcorn" for 1/2000 of a second during a movie.
Despite public rage over the possibilities of “mind control”, further research has shown no evidence that subliminal messages influence out long-term behavior.