1. Behaviour of Glass Fibre Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete Composites
Batch members
Kesavan.R ( )
Premnath.V ( )
Sathiya selvan.P.S.S ( )
Vignesh.M ( )
Guides
Dr.R.Kumutha, HOD/Civil
Prof.K.Vijai,Associate Professor

2. Objective
To study the effect of addition of Glass fibres on the compressive strength, split- tensile strength and flexural strength of Geopolymer concrete composites.

3. Introduction
Alternative binder system with fly ash to produce concrete eliminating cement is called "Geopolymer Concrete "
Geopolymer is a type of amorphous alumino-silicate product that exhibits the ideal properties of rock-forming elements, i.e., hardness, chemical stability and longevity
The fibre reinforcement in Geopolymer concrete composites increase the tensile strength of concrete
This technology can save up to 80% of CO2 emissions caused by the cement and aggregate industries

4. Composition of Geo-Polymer Concrete Composites
Alkaline Liquid
Sodium Silicate
Sodium Hydroxide
Fly Ash (90%)
Glass fibre
Cement (10%)
Aggregates
Fine Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate

5. Fly Ash In this project we used “mettur” fly ash.
The finely divided residue that results from the combustion of ground or powdered coal and that is transported by flue gasses from the combustion zone to the particle removal system.
It mainly composed of the oxides of silicon (SiO2), aluminum (Al2O3), iron (Fe2O3), and calcium (CaO), whereas magnesium, potassium, sodium, titanium, and sulphur are in a lesser amount.

6. Fly Ash

7. Laboratory test results of Fly ash
Chemical Composition of fly ash (mass %)
Parameter
Experimental value
SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3
92.83
SiO2
43.55
MgO
0.93
SO3
0.5
Na2O
0.1
Moisture content
2.13
L.O.I
4.15

8. Glass fibre
The glass fibre used in this project is “CEM-FIL ANTICRAK-HD”
The Glass fibre has a length of 6mm and diameter of 14µm
The Aspect ratio of the Glass fibre is
The volume fractions of the glass fibre in percentage are 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03%

9. Glass fibre

10. Alkaline Liquid
The alkaline liquid is the combination of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate solutions.
The sodium silicate solution is readily available in market.
The sodium hydroxide solution is prepared by mixing the water with sodium hydroxide flakes.
The ratio of sodium silicate solution to the sodium hydroxide solution is 2.5.
The Chemical composition of Sodium silicate was Na2O=14.7%, SiO2=29.4%, and water 55.9% by mass.

11. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
Sodium Hydroxide Flakes

12. Sodium silicate

13. Aggregates The aggregates consists of both Fine and Coarse aggregates
The fine aggregate is having the size of less than 4.75mm
The fine aggregate is free from dust and organic materials
The coarse aggregate is having the size of less than 20mm and greater than 4.75mm

14. Aggregates
Fine Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate

15. Cement
We face a problem of delay in setting of concrete when we used 100% fly ash.
In order to demould the specimens on the next day of casting we replace the 10% of fly ash by cement
In this project we are using Portland Cement of grade 43.

16. Cement

17. Super Plasticizer
The super plasticizer Conplast SP 430 based on Sulphonated Napthalene Polymers is used to improve the workability of the Geo-Polymer concrete.
Dosage - 3% by weight of cementitious material

18. Super Plasticizer

19. Properties of Materials Used

20. Specific gravity test Fine Aggregate
Weight of empty mould (W1) = kg
Weight of mould + fine Aggregate (W2) = kg
Weight of mould + Fine Aggregate + Water (W3)= kg
Weight of mould + water (W4) = kg
Specific Gravity = (13.67 – )
(13.67 – ) – (17.86 – )
= 2.81

21. Specific gravity test Coarse Aggregate
Weight of empty mould (W1) = kg
Weight of mould + Coarse Aggregate (W2) = kg
Weight of mould +Coarse Aggregate+Water (W3)= kg
Weight of mould + water (W4) = kg
Specific Gravity = (14.78 – )
(14.78 – ) – (18.54 – )
= 2.73

22. Specific gravity test Fly ash
Weight of empty dry bottle (W1) = gms
Weight of bottle + Fly ash (W2) = gms
Weight bottle+ Fly ash+ Kerosene (W4) = gms
Weight of bottle+ Kerosene (W3) = gms

23. Specific gravity test Fly ash Specific gravity of Fly ash (G)
= (W2 – W1) / ((W2 – W1) – (W3 – W4))
= (727.6 – 667.6) / ((727.6 – 667.6) – ( – 1289))
= 2.17

24. Specific gravity test Cement
Weight of empty dry bottle (W1) = gms
Weight of bottle + Cement (W2) = gms
Weight bottle+ Cement+ Kerosene (W4) = gms
Weight of bottle+ Kerosene (W3) = gms

25. Specific gravity test Cement Specific gravity of cement (G)
= (W2 – W1) / ((W2 – W1) – (W3 – W4))
= (741.4 – 681.4) / ((741.4 – 681.4) – (1330 – ))
= 3.13

26. Bulk Density test Fine Aggregate Weight of mould (W1) = 11.475 kg
Weight of mould + fine Aggregate (W2) = kg
Volume of mould(W3) = m3
Weight of Fine aggragate = kg
Bulk density = Weight of fine aggregate
Volume of mould
= / = 1693 kg/m3

27. Bulk Density test Coarse Aggregate Weight of mould (W1) = 11.475 kg
Weight of mould + fine Aggregate (W2) = kg
Volume of mould(W3) = m3
Weight of Fine aggragate = kg
Bulk density = Weight of fine aggregate
Volume of mould
= / = 1527 kg/m3

28. Cumulative % weight retained
Fineness Modulus test
Fine Aggregate
S.No.
IS Sieve (mm)
Weight retained (gm)
% weight retained
Cumulative % weight retained 1
4.75 2
2.36
7.8
0.78 3
1.18
64.4
6.44
7.22 4
0.60
157.6
15.76
22.98 5
0.425
510
51.0
73.98 6
0.30
1.4
0.14
74.12 7
0.15
217.2
21.72
95.84 8
Pan
41.6
4.16
100
Total
1000
274.92

29. Fineness Modulus test Fine Aggregate
Fineness modulus of fine aggregate = / 100 = 2.75

30. Cumulative % weight retained
Fineness Modulus test
Coarse Aggregate
S.No.
IS Sieve (mm)
Weight retained (gm)
% weight retained
Cumulative % weight retained 1 19 2
9.5
1420
71.5
71.50 3
4.75
450
22.5
94.00 4
2.36 85
4.25
98.25 5
1.18 35
1.75
100 6
0.60 7
0.30 8
0.15
Total
1000
663.75

31. Fineness Modulus test Coarse Aggregate
Fineness modulus of Coarse aggregate = / 100 = 6.64

32. Literature Review Studies on fly ash-based geopolymer concrete
By B. Vijaya Rangan, Djwantoro Hardjito, Steenie E. Wallah, and Dody M.J. Sumajouw
Fly ash-based Geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for structural applications.
The design provisions contained in the current standards and codes can be used to design reinforced fly ash- based geopolymer concrete structural members.

33. Literature Review (contd…)
Development and properties of low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete”
by d. Hardjito and B. V. Rangan
A rigorous trial-and-error method was adopted to develop a process of manufacturing fly ash-based geopolymer concrete.

34. Literature Review (contd…)
The slump value of the fresh fly-ash-based geopolymer concrete increases with the increase of extra water added to the mixture.
Higher the ratio of sodium silicate-to-sodium hydroxide ratio by mass, higher is the compressive strength of concrete.

35. Literature Review (contd…)
“Effect of concentration of alkaline liquid and curing time on strength and water absorption of geopolymer concrete”
By Anurag Mishra, Deepika Choudhary, Namrata Jain, Manish Kumar, Nidhi Sharda and Durga Dutt.
Compressive strength increases with increase in concentration of NaOH from 8M to 12M.
Geopolymer concrete is more environmental friendly and has the potential to replace ordinary cement concrete in many applications such as precast units.

36. Various parameters of study
Ratio of sodium silicate solution-to-sodium hydroxide solution, by mass, is 2.5
Molarity of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution is 12M
Ratio of alkaline solution-to-fly ash, by mass, is 0.4
Curing type – Ambient Curing at Room Temperature
Age of concrete:
1 day, 3, 7 and 28 days for compressive strength test.
7 days and 28 days for split tensile and flexural strength tests.

37. Methodology Study of material properties mix design
Preparation of alkaline liquid
Casting of specimens
Curing
Normal curing
Testing
Results and discussion
Conclusion

38. Material properties 1.77 2.67 2.73 2.81 - 2.75 6.64 1693 1527 Property
Fly ash
Cement
Fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate
Specific gravity
1.77
2.67
2.73
2.81
Fineness modulus -
2.75
6.64
Bulk density (kg/m3)
1693
1527

39. Mix design
The density of the conventional concrete is 2400 kg/m3. So we taken the same density of concrete for the Geo-Polymer concrete composites also.
We, assumed that the weight of aggregates per m3 is 77% of the total weight. i.e., both fine and coarse aggregate.
Total weight per m3 = 2400 kg
Weight of aggregates = 2400 x 77/100
= 1848 kg/m3.
Therefore, we use 1848 kg of aggregates for 1m3 of concrete.

40. Mix design (contd…)
Let assume, the percentage of the fine aggregate is 30% of total aggregates.
Therefore,
weight of fine aggregate = 1848 x 30/100
= kg/m3
so,
weight of coarse aggregate = 1848 – 554.4
= kg/m3
Therefore, the remaining weight is the weight of the binder. i.e., fly ash and alkali liquid.
fly ash + alkali liquid = 2400 – 1848
= 552 kg/m3

41. Mix design (contd…)
We assumed that the ratio of alkali liquid to the fly ash is 0.4.
i.e., alkali liquid / fly ash = 0.4
Therefore, Alkali liquid = 0.4 x fly ash
1.4 fly ash = 552
fly ash = 552/1.4
= kg/m3
Alkali liquid = 552 –
= kg/m3
The alkali liquid is the mixer of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions.
Therefore, NaOH + Na2SiO3 = kg/m3

42. Mix design (contd…) Let assume, Na2SiO3 / NaOH = 2.5
= kg/m3
Therefore,
Na2SiO3 = – 45.06
= kg/m3
In addition to that we added the super plasticizer and some amount of extra water (0.1% of cementitious materials) to get a better workability.

43. Details of mixtures
The proportions of ingredients for concrete mix is,
Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio = 0.4
Fine aggregate = kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = kg/m3
Fly ash = kg/m3
NaOH solution = kg/m3
Na2SiO3 solution = kg/m3

44. Replacement of Fly ash by cement
10% of the fly ash is replaced by the cement
Cement = x 0.1 kg/m3
= kg/m3
There fore, proportion of Fly ash is
= – 39.43
= kg/m3

45. Alkaline liquid Preparation
Preparation of Sodium Hydroxide Solution(12M):
The sodium hydroxide solution of 12M is prepared. The molecular weight of sodium hydroxide is 40.
To prepare the 12M NaOH solution, we have to take 480 grams (12 x 40 i.e., molarity x molecular weight) of sodium hydroxide flakes.
The flakes are mixed with distilled water and make up for one litre to prepare sodium hydroxide solution.

46. Alkaline liquid Preparation (contd…)
While mixing the water with flakes a great amount of heat is produced. In order to reduce the heat the solution was kept in water bath.
Because there is a change in weight of NaOH solution with respect to change in temperature.
The solution is kept in water bath for 2 to 3 hours.

47. Preparation of NaOH solution

48. Solution in water bath

49. Alkaline liquid Preparation (contd…)
Mixing with Sodium silicate solution:
The prepared sodium hydroxide solution if mixed with sodium silicate solution which is readily available.
The ratio of sodium silicate solution to the sodium hydroxide solution is 2.5.
The alkaline solution should be prepared one day before the casting of concrete.

50. Mixing
Initially the fine aggregate, fly ash and cement are mixed for 2 minutes in the batch mixer.
Then coarse aggregate is added with this mix and the mixing is extended for another 2 minutes. This mixing is done in dry condition.
After that the alkaline liquid and Super plasticizer with extra water is mixed with the concrete mix.
Finally the Glass fibre is added to the concrete mix and the mixing is done for 2 to 3 minutes.

51. Dry mixture
Dry mixture of fly ash, cement and aggregates.

52. Mixing of Concrete
Concrete mix

53. Curing
After the casting of specimens, they were demoulded on the next day of casting and they were kept for Ambient curing at room temperature till the day of testing

54. Curing Photos
Ambient Curing of glass fibre reinforced geopolymer concrete composites cylinders at room temperature

55. TESTING

56. Testing Photos

57. Testing Photos

58. Testing Photos

59. Density of Glass Fibre reinforced GPCC
Mix
Designation
Weight of
Specimen kg
Density
Kg/m3
Fm M 12 G0. 01 AC
8.005
FmM12G0. 02
8.090
FmM12G0. 03
8.050
7.880
8.000
8.065
7.990
8.229
7.965
8.105
8.069
8.030
8.175
8.148
8.170
8.145
8.165
8.125
8.039
7.835
8.164
8.130
7.935
8.024
7.950
8.055
8.070
7.945

60. Density of Glass Fibre reinforced GPCC

61. Effect of Glass Fibre on Compressive Strength of GPCC
Mix
Designation
Age of
Concrete
Weight of
Specimen kg
Ultimate
Load kN
Density
Kg/m3
Average
Compressive
Strength
N/mm2
Fm M 12 G0. 01 AC
1 days
8.005
94.5
4.20
4.22
7.880
97.3
4.32
7.990
93.1
4.14
3 days
8.105
204.5
9.09
9.07
8.175
214.5
9.53
8.145
193.5
8.60
7 days
8.039
410.4
18.24
18.49
8.164
441.9
19.64
8.024
396
17.60
28 days
7.965
895.7
39.81
37.15
7.945
801.6
35.63
810.5
36.02

62. Effect of Glass Fibre on Compressive Strength of GPCC
Mix
Designation
Age of
Concrete
Weight of
Specimen kg
Ultimate
Load kN
Density
Kg/m3
Average
Compressive
Strength
N/mm2
Fm M 12 G0. 02 AC
1 days
8.050
70.5
3.13
3.17
8.090
75.3
3.35
8.000
68.5
3.04
3 days
8.229
180.5
8.02
8.22
8.069
186.7
8.30
8.148
187.7
8.34
7 days
8.165
346.5
15.40
17.02
8.175
403.1
17.92
8.130
399.4
17.75
28 days
7.950
714.0
31.73
32.97
8.070
727.5
32.33
8.030
784.1
34.85

63. Effect of Glass Fibre on Compressive Strength of GPCC
Mix
Designation
Age of
Concrete
Weight of
Specimen kg
Ultimate
Load kN
Density
Kg/m3
Average
Compressive
Strength
N/mm2
Fm M 12 G0. 03 AC
1 days
8.050
120.3
5.35
5.36
8.065
118.9
5.28
7.965
122.5
5.44
3 days
8.030
253.6
11.27
11.51
8.170
259.6
11.54
8.125
263.7
11.72
7 days
7.835
470.5
20.91
21.19
7.935
468.4
20.82
8.055
491.2
21.83
28 days
905.0
40.22
40.73
923.3
41.04
8.005
920.7
40.92

64. Effect of Glass Fibre on Compressive Strength of GPCC

65. Effect of Glass Fibre in Flexural Strength of GPCC
Specimen
Designation
Age of
concrete
Weight kg
Load P kN
Distance ‘a’ cm
Flexural Strength
N/mm2
Fm M12 G0.01
7 days
12.31
11.5
11.2
3.86
Fm M12 G0.02
12.19
9.0
13.4
3.6
Fm M12 G0.03
11.975
11.0
11.4
3.76
28 days
11.845
17.5
12.2
6.41
12.122
15.5
5.12
11.984
17.0
16.4
6.8

66. Effect of Glass Fibre in Flexural Strength of GPCC

67. Effect of Glass fibre in the Split Tensile Strength of GPCC
Mix Designation
Age of concrete
Wt of
Specimen kg
Ultimate
Load kN
Tensile
Strength
N/mm2
Average Tensile Strength
Fm M12 G0.01 AC
7 Days
12.655
79.3
1.12
1.22
12.56
94.4
1.34
12.49
84.7
1.20
28 Days
12.375
139.0
1.97
2.13
12.465
157.7
2.23
12.475
155.2
2.20
Fm M12 G0.02
12.528
75.2
1.06
1.05
12.562
76.8
1.09
12.783
71.2
1.01
12.430
131.5
1.86
1.89
12.450
135.8
1.92
12.380
132.6
1.88
Fm M12 G0.03
12.574
71.3
1.03
12.47
70.2
0.99
12.484
77.0
125.6
1.78
2.0
12.400
151.2
2.14
12.310
146.9
2.08

68. Effect of Glass fibre in the Split Tensile Strength of GPCC

69. Result analysis Compressive Strength
By the results, it is clear that the compressive strength of the fibre reinforced at volume fraction 0.01 and 0.02% specimens are slightly lesser than the control specimens. But the compressive strength of the fibre reinforced at volume fraction 0.03% specimens are slightly greater than the control specimens.
The compressive strength of the 0.03% samples are increased by 6.86% than that of control samples at 7th day and increased by 6.4% than that of control samples on 28th day.
By the graph, when we add fibres, first, the strength is gradually decreased and than increased.

70. Result analysis Flexural Strength70
Flexural Strength
By the results, it is clear that the flexural strength of the fibre reinforced at volume fraction 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03% specimens are slightly lesser than the control specimens at 7th day, but the compressive strength of the fibre reinforced at volume fraction 0.01 and 0.03% specimens are slightly greater than the control specimens at 28th day.
Therefore, on 28th day the fibre reinforced specimens obtain more strength than control specimens.

71. Result analysis Split Tensile Strength71
Split Tensile Strength
By the results, it is clear that the flexural strength of the fibre reinforced at volume fraction 0.01, and 0.03% specimens are slightly lesser than the control specimens at 7th day as well as at 28th day.
When we add fibres to the GPCC the Split tensile strength was gradually reduced.

72. Result analysis Density72
Density
The density of the GPCC varies from to kg/m3 which was found approximately equivalent to that of conventional concrete.

73. Conclusion
Geopolymer concrete is more environ friendly and has the potential to replace OPC concrete in many appliances such as precast unit.
In normal curing, the compressive strength increases as the age of concrete increases from 7 days to 28 days.
The Compressive, Flexural and Split tensile strength are increased by adding the Glass fibres at an optimum volume fraction.
As the ratio of water to geopolymer solids by mass increases, the compressive strength of fly ash based geopolymer concrete decreases.
The average density of fly ash based geopolymer concrete is similar to that of OPC concrete.

74. THANK YOU