1. BELL-RINGER

2. Converging Cultures
CHAPTER 1

3. The Migration to America
Section 1

4. When did the first people arrive in America?
At least 10,000 years ago
Perhaps 15, ,000 years ago
Scientific Studies
DNA, Skulls, Bones, Teeth, C-14 Dating
VOCABULARY: Ice Age, Glaciers, Nomads

5. Early American Civilizations
Agricultural Revolution: 9,000 – 10,000 years ago
Mesoamerica
First Crops: Maize, Pumpkins, Peppers, Squash, & Beans

6. Mesoamerica Olmec Teotihuacán Southern Mexico, 1500-300 BC
Built large villages, temples, and pyramids
Teotihuacán
About 300 BC – 650 AD
First large City in America near today’s Mexico City

7. Mesoamerica Mayan Yucatan Peninsula then into Central America, 200 AD
Talent for Engineering and Mathematics
Created accurate calendars and built huge cities
Around 900 AD, they abandoned their cities for unknown reasons
Possibly invaded, or they could have experienced a famine

8. Mesoamerica Aztec Central Mexico
Tenochtitlán – 1325 – Today’s Mexico City
By the 1500s, about 5 MILLION people lived under Aztec rule.

9. Mesoamerica

10. The American Southwest
Hohokam
300 AD - Present-day south central Arizona
Devised irrigation canals (Gila & Salt Rivers)
Corn, cotton, & beans
Began to abandon their lands in the 1300s (floods)

11. The American Southwest
Anasazi
700 AD
Four Corners
Farmed the harsh desert
Pueblos
Drought ~ 1130 AD
Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park

12. Mound Builders North America’s Eastern Woodlands Hopewell 200-100 BC
Huge, geometric earthworks.

13. Mound Builders
Cahokia AD
Near STL
16,000 people
Collapse

14. Native American Cultural Diversity
The Far North
The Pacific
The Southwest
The Great Plains
The Eastern Woodlands

15. The Far North Inuit Aleut Alaska to Greenland
Alaska’s Aleutian Islands

16. The Far North Inuit & Aleut
Hunted seals, walruses, whales, polar bears, & caribou
Invented ingenious devices to cope with harsh environment
Harpoon
Kayak
Dogsled

17. The Pacific Southeastern Alaska to Washington state
Kwakiutls & Chinook – Fished
Cascade Range to Rocky Mountains
Nez Perce, Yakima – Fished, hunted, gathered berries
Sierra Nevada to Rocky Mountains
Ute & Shoshone

18. The Southwest Zuni & Hopi – Farmers 1500s – Apache & Navajo arrived
Believed in the spirit world (kachinas)
1500s – Apache & Navajo arrived
Apache – hunters
Navajo – farmers

19. The Great Plains Practiced agriculture until about 1500
Became nomadic hunters & followed the buffalo
Tamed horses brought by the Spanish

20. The Eastern Woodlands East of MS River and South of Great Lakes
Environment supported abundant range of plant and animal life
Most hunted, fished, and farmed

21. The Eastern Woodlands Iroquois – New York Slash-and-burn Agriculture
Longhouses
Often Fought

22. The Eastern Woodlands Keeping Peace
Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, & Mohawk formed an alliance

23. What do you know?
Using the map on page 14, answer the following questions:
What was the main food source for the Northwest?
Why were the Great Plains peoples nomadic?

24. Europe & Africa
Section 2

26. European Society Roman Empire collapsed by 500 AD
Western Europe became isolated from the world
Middle Ages ( )

27. Feudalism Developed in W. Europe
The King gave estates to nobles in exchange for their loyalty and military support.
Peasants (usually serfs) worked for feudal lords in exchange for protection.
Manorialism

29. Expanding Horizons 1000 AD – W. European economy began to improve
Food Surplus (plows)
Islam – Middle East & Africa ( )
Won converts through conquest & brotherhood
European Christians feared losing the Holy Land
Pope Urban II urged Christians to fight for their sacred states
CRUSADES

30. Expanding Horizons THE CRUSADES:
Consisted of 9 expeditions over the next 200 years
Changed western European society
Broke down feudalism & increased king’s authority
Brought Europeans into contact with Muslim and Byzantine civilizations  Trade flourished
Rising economy and demand for gold
By the 1300s, Europe was importing vast quantities of luxury goods from Asia.

31. New States, New Technology
Water route to Asia – motive but no means