1. Organic Compounds (Chapter 14)
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2. Student Learning Objectives
Evaluate the significance of common organic compounds.
Identify substances which contain organic compounds
Sketch and describe isomer structures

3. What is organic chemistry?
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.
Carbon has a unique ability to bond with itself in complex covalent bonds.
A single molecular formula may have several structures.
90% of compounds contain Carbon

4. Retinol (most common form of vitamin A)
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5. Some Structures for C5H10
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6. Practice
How many structures can you draw for C7H16? Would these structures have different properties?

7. In what substances are hydrocarbons found?
All hydrocarbons contain hydrogen and carbon.
Aromatic hydrocarbons contain the Benzene Ring (C6H6)
Benzene Symbol

8. Gasoline Adhesives Perfumes Paint Stripper Tobacco Household Cleaners
Benzene Hydrocarbons
Aromatics (benzene substances) have a strong aroma.
Benzene is a carcinogen.
Gasoline Adhesives Perfumes Paint Stripper Tobacco Household Cleaners

9. Practice What is a carcinogen? What does the word “carcinogen” mean?
What do you have in your house that contains the benzene ring?

10. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons that do not contain the benzene ring.
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons combust
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons can be used as solvents
Methane
Ethane
Propane
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11. Alkane Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Alcane aliphatic hydrocarbons have only single bonds.
All Alcanes follow the same formula.
CnH2n+2
Cyclo-Pentane
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13. Practice What kinds of substances contain alkane hydrocarbons?
a. Perfumes b. Fuels c. Food
What is the molecular formula for an alkane hydrocarbon that contains 16 carbons?

14. Structural Isomers Alcane hydrocarbons may have structural isomers.
Same molecular formula
Different structure
Different physical and chemical properties
n-hydrocarbons
iso-hydrocarbons
neo-hydrocarbons

15. Number of Structural Isomers
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16. Isomers of Pentane C5H12
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17. Which Fuel?
Octane ratings are based on the abundances of the different structural isomers of Pentane.
neo-pentane
highest octane rating
iso-pentane
n-pentane
lowest octane rating

18. Structural Symbols n-pentane Chain structure isopentane
Branch structure
Neopentane
Cross structure
cyclopentane
Pentagon structure

19. a. Regular b. Super c. Supreme
Practice
Which of the pentane structures do you expect to burn more slowly? Why?
In which fuel do you expect to have more neo-pentane molecules?
a. Regular b. Super c. Supreme

20. Alkyl Hydrocarbons (Alcohols)
Alkyl hydrocarbons are Alkanes with 1 hydrogen (H) replaced by hydroxide (OH)
Methane Methanol Ethane Ethanol

21. Practice
What would the alcohol be for Propane (C3H8)? Write the formula and draw the structure.

22. Isomers Alcohol vs Anesthetic

23. Functional Groups
Organic molecules have a base unit called a functional group, from which complex molecules form.
Carbonyl
Alkene
Alkyl
Amine
Benzyl
Ketone
Phenols

24. Image Credit: Western Oregon University

25. Why are plastics and proteins difficult to break down?
Polymers are very long molecules made up of repeating monomers. (chains of monomers)
Naturally Occurring
Human Produced
DNA
Carpet
Proteins
Plastics
Complex Carbohydrates
Chewing Gum

26. DNA
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27. Practice
Why do you think it is not a good idea to drink bottled water that has been in a hot car?
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28. More Practice
Compare and contrast the DNA molecule and the polystyrene molecule.

29. What are carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are organic (carbon based) molecules comprised of carbon and water.
Glucose
C6(H2O)6
Monosaccharide
Fructose
Sucrose
C12(H2O)11
Disaccharide
Cellulose (Starch)
(C6H10O5)n
Polysaccharides

30. Stock Images

31. Starch
Linked Glucose Molecules
Image Credit: chemistryland.com

32. Practice
Which breakfast cereal is highest in Fructose, Glucose, and Sucrose?
Fructose: 15,431 mg
Glucose: 14,300 mg
Sucrose: 170 mg