1. Unit Two: Chapter 8 • attest • enigma • attribute • exemplify
• discern • mobile
• dispatch • nocturnal
• enhance • orient

2. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 1 attest – verb
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
1 attest
– verb
• Anyone who has seen the Golden Gate Bridge in the rose-gold light of sunset can attest to its beauty.
• Witnesses attest to the fact that rainfall makes the ground of Death Valley so slippery that boulders slide across it.
Attest means
A. to declare to be true.
B. to wish for.
C. to forget easily.

3. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 1 attest – verb
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
1 attest
– verb
• Anyone who has seen the Golden Gate Bridge in the rose-gold light of sunset can attest to its beauty.
• Witnesses attest to the fact that rainfall makes the ground of Death Valley so slippery that boulders slide across it.
Attest means
A. to declare to be true.
B. to wish for.
C. to forget easily.
Seeing such a sight would enable one to declare the truth of the beauty. People who are witnesses would be able to declare the event to be true.

4. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 2 attribute – noun
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
2 attribute
– noun
• A three-hundred-page novel written in 1939 has the odd attribute of containing no e, the most common letter in English.
• Some cars have computerized attributes such as windshield wipers that automatically turn on when it rains.
Attribute means
A. a tendency.
B. a defect.
C. a characteristic.

5. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 2 attribute – noun
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
2 attribute
– noun
• A three-hundred-page novel written in 1939 has the odd attribute of containing no e, the most common letter in English.
• Some cars have computerized attributes such as windshield wipers that automatically turn on when it rains.
Attribute means
A. a tendency.
B. a defect.
C. a characteristic.
Not containing a single e is a characteristic of the novel. The second item gives an example of a computerized characteristic of some cars.

6. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 3 discern – verb
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
3 discern
– verb
• An experienced jeweler can easily discern whether a diamond is genuine or fake.
• People who are red-green colorblind can discern the colors of traffic lights by recognizing shades of gray.
Discern means
A. to see clearly.
B. to disregard.
C. to change.

7. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 3 discern – verb
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
3 discern
– verb
• An experienced jeweler can easily discern whether a diamond is genuine or fake.
• People who are red-green colorblind can discern the colors of traffic lights by recognizing shades of gray.
Discern means
A. to see clearly.
B. to disregard.
C. to change.
If a jeweler is experienced, he or she would be able to see clearly whether a diamond is genuine or fake. If red-green colorblind people can recognize shades of gray, they would be able to see clearly the colors of a traffic light.

8. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 4 dispatch – verb
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
4 dispatch
– verb
• I wanted to dispatch the letter as quickly as possible, so I took it to the post office instead of dropping it into a mailbox.
• At work Harold is treated like an errand boy. His boss often dispatches him to the deli for sandwiches or donuts.
Dispatch means
A. to represent.
B. to send.
C. to drive.

9. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 4 dispatch – verb
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
4 dispatch
– verb
• I wanted to dispatch the letter as quickly as possible, so I took it to the post office instead of dropping it into a mailbox.
• At work Harold is treated like an errand boy. His boss often dispatches him to the deli for sandwiches or donuts.
Dispatch means
A. to represent.
B. to send.
C. to drive.
A person would take the letter to the post office in order to send it as quickly as possible. The boss would send Harold to the deli for sandwiches or donuts.

10. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 5 enhance – verb
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
5 enhance
– verb
• Our gym teacher enhanced her appearance with a more attractive hairstyle.
• The college catalogue stated that the writing course would “enhance all students’ writing skills” by improving their grammar and style.
Enhance means
A. to make better.
B. to recognize.
C. to reduce.

11. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 5 enhance – verb
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
5 enhance
– verb
• Our gym teacher enhanced her appearance with a more attractive hairstyle.
• The college catalogue stated that the writing course would “enhance all students’ writing skills” by improving their grammar and style.
Enhance means
A. to make better.
B. to recognize.
C. to reduce.
A more attractive hairstyle would make the teacher’s appearance better. In the second item, the word improving suggests that enhance means “to make better.”

12. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 6 enigma – noun
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
6 enigma
– noun
• How the thief entered our house was an enigma until we remembered that the cellar door had been left unlocked.
• The “singing sands” of Scotland remained an enigma until scientists learned that footsteps caused the round grains of sand and the surrounding air pockets to make musical vibrations.
Enigma means
A. a comfort.
B. a puzzle.
C. an error.

13. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 6 enigma – noun
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
6 enigma
– noun
• How the thief entered our house was an enigma until we remembered that the cellar door had been left unlocked.
• The “singing sands” of Scotland remained an enigma until scientists learned that footsteps caused the round grains of sand and the surrounding air pockets to make musical vibrations.
Enigma means
A. a comfort.
B. a puzzle.
C. an error.
How the thief entered the house would be a puzzle—until they remembered the unlocked cellar door. Until scientists came up with an explanation for the “singing sands,” the sands would have been a puzzle.

14. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 7 exemplify – verb
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
7 exemplify
– verb
• The many IRS employees who give citizens inaccurate information exemplify governmental incompetence.
• Mr. Ramirez, who emphasizes original thinking and freedom of expression, exemplifies the best in teaching.
Exemplify means
A. to illustrate.
B. to save.
C. to oppose.
Page 46 in textbook. 14

15. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 7 exemplify – verb
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
7 exemplify
– verb
• The many IRS employees who give citizens inaccurate information exemplify governmental incompetence.
• Mr. Ramirez, who emphasizes original thinking and freedom of expression, exemplifies the best in teaching.
Exemplify means
A. to illustrate.
B. to save.
C. to oppose.
Specific government employees who give inaccurate information would illustrate general governmental incompetence. A teacher who emphasizes original thinking and freedom of expression would illustrate the best in teaching.

16. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 8 mobile – adjective
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
8 mobile
– adjective
• My parents own a mobile home, which can be moved from place to place.
• Every morning when I was in the hospital, a volunteer wheeled a mobile library into my room.
Mobile means
A. active.
B. expensive.
C. moveable.
A mobile home
Photo: Amanda Bicknell/FEMA

17. A mobile home being towed
TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
8 mobile
– adjective
• My parents own a mobile home, which can be moved from place to place.
• Every morning when I was in the hospital, a volunteer wheeled a mobile library into my room.
Mobile means
A. active.
B. expensive.
C. moveable.
If the home can be moved from place to place, it must be moveable. If the library was wheeled into the patient’s hospital room, it must have been a moveable library.
A mobile home being towed
to its destination
Photo: Amanda Bicknell/FEMA

18. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 9 nocturnal – adjective
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
9 nocturnal
– adjective
• I know when my brother has enjoyed one of his nocturnal feasts because I find a stack of dishes in the sink in the morning.
• Since owls are nocturnal, they are rarely seen during the day.
Nocturnal means
A. noisy.
B. busy.
C. of the night.
A nocturnal street scene

19. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 9 nocturnal – adjective
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
9 nocturnal
– adjective
• I know when my brother has enjoyed one of his nocturnal feasts because I find a stack of dishes in the sink in the morning.
• Since owls are nocturnal, they are rarely seen during the day.
Nocturnal means
A. noisy.
B. busy.
C. of the night.
If the dishes are in the sink the next morning, the brother must have snacked during the night. If owls are rarely seen during the day, they must be creatures of the night.
A nocturnal street scene

20. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 10 orient – verb
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
10 orient
– verb
• When coming up from the subway, I often need to look at a street sign to orient myself.
• Certain cars let drivers orient themselves in unfamiliar places with the help of an electronic map that shows the car’s location.
Orient means
A. to locate.
B. to welcome.
C. to question.

21. TEN WORDS IN CONTEXT 10 orient – verb
Choose the meaning closest to that of the boldfaced word.
10 orient
– verb
• When coming up from the subway, I often need to look at a street sign to orient myself.
• Certain cars let drivers orient themselves in unfamiliar places with the help of an electronic map that shows the car’s location.
Orient means
A. to locate.
B. to welcome.
C. to question.
One would look at a street sign in order to locate oneself. In the second item, the word location suggests that orient means “to locate.”

22. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. attest B. attribute C. discern
D. dispatch
E. enhance
F. enigma G. exemplify H. mobile
I. nocturnal
J. orient
1. Fresh garlic may not __________ the breath, but it certainly improves spaghetti sauce.
2. A witness _______(e)d to the truth of the defendant’s claim that she had loved the murdered man.

23. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. attest B. attribute C. discern
D. dispatch
E. enhance
F. enigma G. exemplify H. mobile
I. nocturnal
J. orient
1. Fresh garlic may not __________ the breath, but it certainly improves spaghetti sauce.
enhance
The word improves tells you the meaning of enhance.
2. A witness __________ to the truth of the defendant’s claim that she had loved the murdered man.
attested
A witness would testify to the truth of the defendant’s statement.

24. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. attest B. attribute C. discern
D. dispatch
E. enhance
F. enigma G. exemplify H. mobile
I. nocturnal
J. orient
3. When I was younger, my mother used to __________ me to the store for milk or some missing cooking ingredient as often as twice a day.
4. The lives of such reformers as Susan B. Anthony, Mahatma Gandhi, and Martin Luther King __________ greatness.
5. Science does not have enough evidence to solve the __________ of whether or not there is other intelligent life in the universe.

25. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. attest B. attribute C. discern
D. dispatch
E. enhance
F. enigma G. exemplify H. mobile
I. nocturnal
J. orient
3. When I was younger, my mother used to __________ me to the store for milk or some missing cooking ingredient as often as twice a day.
dispatch
The mother would send the child to the store.
4. The lives of such reformers as Susan B. Anthony, Mahatma Gandhi, and Martin Luther King __________ greatness.
exemplify
The lives of such reformers are examples of greatness.
5. Science does not have enough evidence to solve the __________ of whether or not there is other intelligent life in the universe.
enigma
The question of other intelligent life is a mystery. The word solve is a clue.

26. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. attest B. attribute C. discern
D. dispatch
E. enhance
F. enigma G. exemplify H. mobile
I. nocturnal
J. orient
6. The convicts decided on a(n) ________ escape. The darkness would hide them as they fled through the forest.
7. Sue’s hairpiece is so natural-looking that it’s impossible to __________ where the hairpiece ends and her own hair begins.

27. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. attest B. attribute C. discern
D. dispatch
E. enhance
F. enigma G. exemplify H. mobile
I. nocturnal
J. orient
6. The convicts decided on a __________ escape. The darkness would hide them as they fled through the forest.
nocturnal
If the darkness would hide them, the escape must have been at night.
7. Sue’s hairpiece is so natural-looking that it’s impossible to __________ where the hairpiece ends and her own hair begins.
discern
If Sue’s hairpiece is natural-looking, it would be impossible to detect where it ends and her own hair begins.

28. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. attest B. attribute C. discern
D. dispatch
E. enhance
F. enigma G. exemplify H. mobile
I. nocturnal
J. orient
8. The positions of the stars help sailors __________ themselves on the open seas.
9. My mother is unable to walk, but with her wheelchair she is __________ enough to get around her apartment, move along a sidewalk, and even shop at a mall.
10. Giant kelp, a form of seaweed, has some amazing __________s. Not only is it the world’s fastest-growing vegetable, but the more it is cut, the faster it grows.

29. SENTENCE CHECK 1
Complete each item with the correct word from the box.
A. attest B. attribute C. discern
D. dispatch
E. enhance
F. enigma G. exemplify H. mobile
I. nocturnal
J. orient
8. The positions of the stars help sailors __________ themselves on the open seas.
orient
The stars help sailors determine their location on the open seas.
9. My mother is unable to walk, but with her wheelchair she is __________ enough to get around her apartment, move along a sidewalk, and even shop at a mall.
mobile
If the mother moves along the sidewalk and shops at a mall, she must be able to move about.
10. Giant kelp, a form of seaweed, has some amazing ___________. Not only is it the world’s fastest-growing vegetable, but the more it is cut, the faster it grows.
attributes
The second sentence lists two amazing qualities of giant kelp.

30. Scarlet Letter Project (Due January 14th/15th)
Typed or NEATLY done by hand (aesthetic value will be judged for every assignment)
Must be contained in a folder or <1” binder with the following on the front cover:
Name
Date
Block
Mrs. Browne
Must total 100 points

31. Scarlet Letter Essay (Due January 14th/15th)
Typed, double spaced, Times New Roman 12 pt. font
Must include the following in the right hand corner:
Name
Date
Block
Mrs. Browne
Must have a title that relates to the essay
Must have your planning packet attached
Review the rubric posted on Ms. Browne’s website for additional guidance

32. Developing a Strong Argument
The thesis statement or main claim must be debatable
An argumentative or persuasive piece of writing must begin with a debatable thesis or claim. In other words, the thesis must be something that people could reasonably have differing opinions on. If your thesis is something that is generally agreed upon or accepted as fact then there is no reason to try to persuade people.

33. Pollution is bad for the environment.
Example of a non-debatable thesis statement:
Pollution is bad for the environment.
This thesis statement is not debatable. First, the word pollution means that something is bad or negative in some way. Further, all studies agree that pollution is a problem, they simply disagree on the impact it will have or the scope of the problem. No one could reasonably argue that pollution is good.

34. Example of a debatable thesis statement:
At least twenty-five percent of the federal budget should be spent on limiting pollution.
This is an example of a debatable thesis because reasonable people could disagree with it. Some people might think that this is how we should spend the nation's money. Others might feel that we should be spending more money on education. Still others could argue that corporations, not the government, should be paying to limit pollution.

35. America's anti-pollution efforts should focus on privately owned cars.
Another example of a debatable thesis statement:
America's anti-pollution efforts should focus on privately owned cars.
In this example there is also room for disagreement between rational individuals. Some citizens might think focusing on recycling programs rather than private automobiles is the most effective strategy.

36. The thesis needs to be narrow
Although the scope of your paper might seem overwhelming at the start, generally the narrower the thesis the more effective your argument will be. Your thesis or claim must be supported by evidence. The broader your claim is, the more evidence you will need to convince readers that your position is right.

37. Drug use is detrimental to society.
Example of a thesis that is too broad:
Drug use is detrimental to society.
There are several reasons this statement is too broad to argue. First, what is included in the category "drugs"? Is the author talking about illegal drug use, recreational drug use (which might include alcohol and cigarettes), or all uses of medication in general? Second, in what ways are drugs detrimental? Is drug use causing deaths (and is the author equating deaths from overdoses and deaths from drug related violence)? Is drug use changing the moral climate or causing the economy to decline? Finally, what does the author mean by "society"? Is the author referring only to America or to the global population? Does the author make any distinction between the effects on children and adults? There are just too many questions that the claim leaves open. The author could not cover all of the topics listed above, yet the generality of the claim leaves all of these possibilities open to debate.

38. Illegal drug use is detrimental because it encourages gang violence.
Example of a narrow or focused thesis:
Illegal drug use is detrimental because it encourages gang violence.
In this example the topic of drugs has been narrowed down to illegal drugs and the detriment has been narrowed down to gang violence. This is a much more manageable topic.

39. We could narrow each debatable thesis from the previous examples in the following way:
Narrowed debatable thesis 1:
At least twenty-five percent of the federal budget should be spent on helping upgrade business to clean technologies, researching renewable energy sources, and planting more trees in order to control or eliminate pollution.
This thesis narrows the scope of the argument by specifying not just the amount of money used but also how the money could actually help to control pollution.

40. Narrowed debatable thesis 2:
America's anti-pollution efforts should focus on privately owned cars because it would allow most citizens to contribute to national efforts and care about the outcome.
This thesis narrows the scope of the argument by specifying not just what the focus of a national anti- pollution campaign should be but also why this is the appropriate focus.
Qualifiers such as "typically," "generally," "usually," or "on average" also help to limit the scope of your claim by allowing for the almost inevitable exception to the rule.

41. Types of Claims
Claims typically fall into one of four categories. Thinking about how you want to approach your topic, in other words what type of claim you want to make, is one way to focus your thesis on one particular aspect of you broader topic.

42. Claims of fact or definition: These claims argue about what the definition of something is or whether something is a settled fact. Example:
What some people refer to as global warming is actually nothing more than normal, long- term cycles of climate change.
Claims of cause and effect: These claims argue that one person, thing, or event caused another thing or event to occur.
Example:
The popularity of SUV's in America has caused pollution to increase.

43. Claims about value: These are claims made about what something is worth, whether we value it or not, how we would rate or categorize something.
Example:
Global warming is the most pressing challenge facing the world today.
Claims about solutions or policies: These are claims that argue for or against a certain solution or policy approach to a problem. Example:
Instead of drilling for oil in Alaska we should be focusing on ways to reduce oil consumption, such as researching renewable energy sources.

44. Which type of claim is right for your argument?
Which type of thesis or claim you use for your argument will depend on your position and knowledge on the topic, your audience, and the context of your paper. You might want to think about where you imagine your audience to be on this topic and pinpoint where you think the biggest difference in viewpoints might be. Even if you start with one type of claim you probably will be using several within the paper. Regardless of the type of claim you choose to utilize it is key to identify the controversy or debate you are addressing and to define your position early on in the paper!

46. EXEMPLAR:
Main Topic: college tuition
Debatable Thesis: college tuition should be government funded
Narrow Focus: college tuition should be government funded so that students are not forced to take out tremendously large loans and go into debt
Claim Type and Example: cause and effect of tuition loans on an individual’s debt level
Final Strong Thesis: College tuition prices in the United States need to be government funded to prevent young adults from entering into large scale debt immediately out of college.
NON-EXEMPLAR
Main Topic: college tuition
Non-debatable Thesis: college tuition is expensive
Broad Focus: expensive college tuition impacts students while they are students as well as after they graduate
Unrelated Claim Type and Example: the value we place on college justifying the cost
Final Weak Thesis: Expensive college tuition is negatively impacting students.

47. Main Topics Global Climate Change Standardized Testing Immigration
HealthCare

49. Persuasive Communication
Three ways to persuade or appeal to your audience:
Logos – logic and reasoning
Ethos – character, higher authority, ethics
Pathos – Emotions

50. Persuasive Communication
Logos:
Theories / scientific facts
Indicated meanings or reasons (because…)
Literal or historical analogies
Definitions
Factual data & statistics
Quotations
Citations from experts & authorities
Informed opinions
Examples (real life examples)

51. Persuasive Communication
Ethos:
Author’s profession / background
Appearing sincere, fair minded, knowledgeable
Conceding to opposition where appropriate
Morally / ethically likeable
Appropriate language for audience and subject
Appropriate vocabulary
Correct grammar
Professional format

52. Persuasive Communication
Pathos:
Emotionally loaded language
Vivid descriptions
Emotional examples
Anecdotes, testimonies, or narratives about emotional experiences or events
Figurative language
Emotional tone (humor, sarcasm, disappointment, excitement, etc.)

53. Metaphor a direct comparison of two unlike things
a type of figurative language in which a statement is made that says that one thing is something else but, literally, it is not.
EXAMPLE: It’s raining cats and dogs outside.

54. Simile a comparison of two things using like or as
a type of figurative language, language that does not mean exactly what it says, that makes a comparison between two otherwise unalike objects or ideas by connecting them with the words "like" or "as.“
EXAMPLE: Common contemporary similes are “running like a bat out of hell” and “working nonstop as if possessed.” Perhaps the best known simile in English poetry is Robert Burns’s line:
“My love is like a red, red rose.”

55. Allusion
a reference in a literary work to a person, place, or thing in history or another work of literature. Allusions are often indirect or brief references to well-known characters or events. They are used to summarize broad, complex ideas or emotions in one quick, powerful image.
EXAMPLE: Describing someone as a "Romeo" makes an allusion to the famous young lover in Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare.

56. Archetype
a symbol, usually an image, which recurs often enough in literature to be recognizable as an element of one's literary experience as a whole.
EXAMPLES:
The hero - The courageous figure, the one who's always running in and saving the day. Example: Dartagnon from The Three Musketeers
The outcast – A person that has been cast out of society or has left it on a voluntary basis. Example: Piggy from The Lord of the Flies
The scapegoat - The scapegoat is the one who gets blamed for everything, regardless of whether he or she is actually at fault. Example: Snowball from Animal Farm

57. Hyperbole an extravagant exaggeration.
a figure of speech that is a grossly exaggerated description or statement. In literature, such exaggeration is used for emphasis or vivid descriptions.
EXAMPLE: I had so much homework, I needed a pickup truck to carry all my books home!

58. Repetition
a technique in which a sound, word, phrase, or line is repeated for effect or emphasis.
Example: “The Raven” – “Quoth the Raven, ‘Nevermore.’” OR “Penny, Penny, Penny”

59. Parallelism
the use of similar grammatical constructions to express ideas that are related or equal in importance.
EXAMPLE: 
The sun rises.
The sun sets.

60. Rhetorical Question
one asked solely to produce an effect or to make a statement, but not expected to receive an answer. The purpose to such a question, whose answer is obvious, is usually to make a deeper impression upon the hearer or reader than a direct statement would.
EXAMPLE: “How stupid do you think I am?”

61. Denotation/Connotation
Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the "dictionary definition."¨ For example, if you look up the word snake in a dictionary, you will discover that one of its denotative meanings is "any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous reptiles having a long, tapering, cylindrical body and found in most tropical and temperate regions."
Connotation, on the other hand, refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. The connotative meanings of a word exist together with the denotative meanings. The connotations for the word snake could include evil or danger.

62. The Age of Reason and The American Revolution
Reason and Revolution
The Age of Reason
and
The American Revolution

63. The American Revolution
American colonists revolt against unfair taxation and laws and break from British rule
When America breaks from British rule, authors no longer have publishers, audience, or legal protection and suffered during the first stages of rebuilding.

64. The American Revolution Cont...
Patrick Henry, the most famous orator (speaker) of the American Revolution, delivered a fiery speech to convince delegates of the need for armed resistance.
“Speech in the Virginia Convention” led to The Declaration of Independence” and life and freedoms as we know it today.

65. The Political Pamphlet
The most common and popular type of literature
Over 2,000 pamphlets were published during the Revolution
The most famous one was Thomas Paine’s Common Sense that sold over 100,000 copies in its first 3 months of publication.

66. Powerful Persuasion
Most literature was persuasive trying to get people to understand
The wrongdoings of the British Government
The politicians stands before elections
The status of the war
How America was to rebuild after the Revolution

67. What is an American?
One of the major hurdles after the Revolutionary War was trying to find an identity and defining what the term “American” means.
List 10 items that answer the questions “What does being an American mean to you? What does the term American mean to you?”

68. “Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death”
(adapted)
by Patrick Henry
St. John’s Church, Richmond, VA (March 23, 1775)
*Complete for Homework*