1. ppt Part 2: 10 Slides Excluding Assignment And Photos C. Liver
READ
1. High regeneration capacity
2. Gross Anatomy
a. *4 lobes: Give location of and which side it is best seen
i) *Right
ii) *Left
Sternum
Bare area
Nipple
Falciform
ligament
Liver
Left lobe of liver
Right lobe
of liver
Round ligament
(ligamentum
teres)
Gallbladder
(a)

2. a. 4 Lobes …
Caudate Lobe
Round Ligament
Quadrate Lobe
Gallbladder

3. iii) *Caudate small, seen mainly postero-superiorly; next to Vena Cava
B. Liver …
iii) *Caudate small, seen mainly postero-superiorly; next to Vena Cava
iv) *Quadrate small and mainly seen postero-inferiorly below Left Lobe and next to gallbladder (Memory Aid: “q” like “g”)
b. Ligaments
Falciform Ligament: separates Right & Left lobes anteriorly and suspends liver from diaphragm
Round ligament (ligamentum teres) – remnant of umbilical Vein
READ
Liver
Falciform
ligament
Right lobe
of liver
Left lobe of liver
Round ligament
(ligamentum
teres)
Gallbladder
(a)

4. *Bile Duct (Previous Name: Common Bile Duct) *Common Hepatic Ducts
*Cystic Duct
*R & L
Hepatic
Right and left
hepatic ducts
of liver
Cystic duct
Common hepatic duct
Bile duct
Gallbladder
(bile storage)
Pancreas
Jejunum

5. *Hepatic Vein  Inferior Vena Cava
d. Blood Vessels give where they are coming from and where they are going to
*Hepatic Artery
*Hepatic Portal Vein
*Hepatic Vein  Inferior Vena Cava
Bare area
Lesser omentum
(in fissure)
Caudate lobe
of liver
Left lobe of liver
Sulcus for
inferior
vena cava
Porta hepatis
containing hepatic
artery (left) and
hepatic portal vein
(right)
Hepatic vein
(cut)
Bile duct (cut)
Right lobe of
liver
Quadrate lobe
of liver
Gallbladder
Ligamentum teres
(b)

6. 3. Microscopic Anatomy of Liver
a. Liver lobules = hexagonal structural and functional units
*Hepatocytes: liver cells with a lot of what organelle?
Functions: (1) produce bile (900 ml per day)
(2)Process nutrients from blood (glucose  glycogen)
(3) Store fat soluble vitamins
(4) Detoxification (amino acids  ammonia  urea)
ii) Liver sinusoids = leaky capillaries between hepatic plates
Carry nutrient rich/oxygen poor blood from Hepatic Portal V. and oxygenated blood from Hepatic A.
Kupffer cells (hepatic
macrophages)
in sinusoid walls
READ
LOBULE
Portal Triad
Sinusoid Capillaries
Plates of Hepatocytes
Central Vein

7. 3. Microscopic Anatomy of Liver …
b. Small Blood Vessels and Ducts:
Portal triad = Bile Duct, Hepatic Arteriole (branch of Hepatic A.), Hepatic Venule (branch of Portal V.)
– The blood vessels branch into sinusoids and mix; then Blood flows toward central vein;
-- Bile from Hepatocytes  Bile canaliculi  Bile Ducts
ii) Central Vein drains filtered blood leaving hepatocytes and moves it to the Hepatic Veins
READ
Hepatic Vein
Bile canaliculi
Portal Triad
Plates of Hepatocytes
Central Vein

8. a) * Function: and is it an enzyme?
3. Bile
a) * Function: and is it an enzyme?
b) Bile Composition:
Bile Salts (acids derived from cholesterol)
Pigments: bilirubin– break down product of RBCs
Cholesterol
Phospholipids
READ
c) Bile Salts Recycled: reabsorbed in ileum then

9. d. *Health– Gallstones = e. Control bile production
Secretin: released from intestinal cells when they are exposed to fats  stimulates Liver to increase production of bile
Recycled bile salts: as increase and recycle back to liver = major stimuli to liver for increased bile production
READ

14. D. The Gallbladder *= describe and give duct b) *Function: c) Control:
Cholecytokinin (CCK) released from duodenum when stimulus of acidic fatty chyme enters duodenum
Causes contraction to release bile
READ
Gallbladder
No digestion if: Hepatopancreatic Sphincter closed—then the bile backs up into gallbladder & is stored

15. E. Pancreas *Parts: b) *Location:
c) Exocrine function: Pancreatic Juice
i) Acini = round cluster of secretory cells that secrete enzymes; enzymes need alkalinity
ii) Duct cells secrete bicarbonate: neutralizes stomach acid to pH of 8
Pancreas
READ
Pancreatic Duct
Small duct
Acinar cells
Tail
Head of Pancreas

16. Pancreas
Islets
Acinar cells

17. Pancreatic Duct, branch
Pancreas
Acinar cells
Pancreatic Duct, branch

18. (1 of many brush border enzymes)
Exocrine Function …
READ
iii) Enzymes: Pancreas secretes enzymes for all 4 major Biochemical groups (food molecules)
Amylase, Lipases, Nucleases
Proteases = secreted inactive (activated in duodenum)
d) Control: Secretin target Duct cells AND Cholecystokinin targets acinar cells
Epithelial Cells of Duodenum with Membrane-bound enzymes
(1 of many brush border enzymes)
Amylase
Lipases
Proteases
Nucleases

19. READ
Pancreas Endocrine Function: hormones insulin & glucagon from cells in the Islets of Langerhans
Acinar cells

20. F. Large Intestine 1. Parts a) *Parts = list 2. *Gross Anatomy
Teniae coli – Reduction of the 3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in muscularis to a thin band
READ
Transverse
colon
Epiploic
appendages
Haustrum
Descending
colon
Ascending
colon
IIeum
Teniae coli
IIeocecal
valve
Sigmoid
colon
Vermiform appendix
Cecum
Rectum
Anal canal

21. *Epiploic appendages - fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum
F. Large Intestine …
2. Gross Anatomy
*Haustra =
*Epiploic appendages - fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum
a) *Veriform describe
Appendix
Transverse
colon
Epiploic
appendages
Haustrum
Descending
colon
Ascending
colon
IIeum
Teniae coli
IIeocecal
valve
Sigmoid
colon
Vermiform appendix
Cecum
Rectum
Anal canal

22. *Parts: List and describe location
b. *Cecum describe
c. Colon
*Parts: List and describe location
d. Rectum & Anal Canal
3 rectal valves stop feces
from being passed with gas
READ

23. *Sphincter name and give function
d. Rectum and Anus …
Rectum
Rectal valve
*Rectum describe
*Anal Canal describe
*Sphincter name and give function
Hemorrhoidal
veins
Anal canal

24. 3. Bacterial Flora Enter from small intestine or anus
READ
3. Bacterial Flora
Enter from small intestine or anus
Ferment indigestible carbs
Release irritating acids and gases
Synthesize B complex vitamins and vitamin K

25. 4. Microscopic Anatomy a) Mucosa *Tissue:
Anal Canal has stratified squamous ET

26. Colon

27. 5. Functions of the Large Intestine
READ
5. Functions of the Large Intestine
Vitamins, water, and electrolytes reclaimed
Major function = propel feces to anus
Slow segmentation by haustra gradually move contents distally

28. END

29. arteriole, hepatic venule, and bile duct
Review Questions
The digestive function of the liver is to produce _______ which functions in the chemical digestion of _________.
Liver _________ are the functional units of the liver which contain a central vein and peripheral portal __________ with what 3 components?
bile
lipids
lobules
triads
arteriole, hepatic venule, and bile duct

30. Review Questions
CCK
________ stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes and __________ of the gall bladder while ________ stimulates the release of __________ - rich pancreatic secretion to neutralize acidic _________ from the stomach.
Enzymes that break down __________ must be activated in the duodenum.
contraction
secretin
bicarbonate
chyme
proteins

31. Review Questions Motilin
_________ is released during the ‘fasting state’ by the __________ and initiates the ___________ motility complex that gradually moves residues to the _________ ____________.
Conscious control of defecation is via relaxation of the ___________ anal sphincter.
duodenum
migrating
large intestine
external

32. Review Questions
Amylase, lactase, and sucrase (among others) are enzymes that help break down ___________.
Amino acids are absorbed from the lumen via __________ transport.
Fats are first _________ by bile salts, then travel as ________ between microvilli, and are finally converted to _____________ in the absorptive cells before being carried away in the ________ as part of the lymph.
carbohydrates
active
emulsified
micelles
chylomicrons
lacteals

33. Bile and Pancreatic Juice Regulation1
Chyme in duodenum = release of
cholecystokinin
(CCK) + secretin from duodenal
enteroendocrine
cells.
Figure 23.28, step 1

34. CCK and secretin potentiate one another1
Chyme enter-
ing duodenum
causes release of
cholecystokinin
(CCK) and
secretin from
duodenal
enteroendocrine
cells. 2
CCK (red
dots) and
secretin (yellow
dots) enter the
bloodstream.
CCK and secretin potentiate one another
CCK = secretion of
enzyme-rich
pancreatic juice.
Secretin =
secretion of
HCO3–-rich 3
Figure 23.28, step 3

35. secretin = liver produces bile more rapidly. Chyme enter-1
Chyme enter-
ing duodenum
causes release of
cholecystokinin
(CCK) and
secretin from
duodenal
enteroendocrine
cells. 4
Bile salts returning from ileum +
secretin = liver
produces bile
more rapidly. 2
CCK (red
dots) and
secretin (yellow
dots) enter the
bloodstream. 3
CCK induces
secretion of
enzyme-rich
pancreatic juice.
Secretin causes
HCO3–-rich
Figure 23.28, step 4

36. gallbladder contracts + hepatopancreatic sphincter1
Chyme enter-
ing duodenum
causes release of
cholecystokinin
(CCK) and
secretin from
duodenal
enteroendocrine
cells. 4
Bile salts and,
to a lesser extent,
secretin
transported via
bloodstream
stimulate liver to
produce bile
more rapidly. 5
CCK also =
gallbladder
contracts +
hepatopancreatic
sphincter
relaxes; bile enters
duodenum. 2
CCK (red
dots) and
secretin (yellow
dots) enter the
bloodstream. 3
CCK induces
secretion of
enzyme-rich
pancreatic juice.
Secretin causes
HCO3–-rich
Figure 23.28, step 5

37. gastric phases, vagal nerve causes weak contractions of gallbladder.1
Chyme enter-
ing duodenum
causes release of
cholecystokinin
(CCK) and
secretin from
duodenal
enteroendocrine
cells. 4
Bile salts and,
to a lesser extent,
secretin
transported via
bloodstream
stimulate liver to
produce bile
more rapidly. 5
CCK (via
bloodstream)
causes
gallbladder to
contract and
hepatopancreatic
sphincter to
relax; bile enters
duodenum. 2
CCK (red
dots) and
secretin (yellow
dots) enter the
bloodstream. 3
CCK induces
secretion of
enzyme-rich
pancreatic juice.
Secretin causes
HCO3–-rich 6
Cephalic and
gastric phases,
vagal nerve
causes weak
contractions of
gallbladder.
Figure 23.28, step 6

38. • Glucose/galactose absorbed via cotransport w/ Na+.
Carbohydrate digestion
Enzyme(s)
and source
Site of
action
Foodstuff
Path of absorption
• Glucose/galactose absorbed via cotransport w/ Na+.
Starch and disaccharides
Salivary
amylase
Mouth
• Fructose passes via
facilitated diffusion.
Pancreatic
amylase
Small
intestine
Oligosaccharides
and disaccharides
• All monosaccharides leave epithelia via facilitated diffusion, enter capillary blood in villi, and transported to liver via hepatic portal vein.
Brush border
enzymes in
small intestine
(dextrinase, gluco-
amylase, lactase,
maltase, and sucrase)
Small
intestine
Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose
Galactose
Glucose
Fructose

39. peptidase) + brush border enzymes (carboxypeptidase,
Lumen of
intestine
Amino acids of protein fragments
Brush border enzymes
Pancreatic
proteases
Apical membrane (microvilli) 1
Proteins digested to amino acids by pancreatic proteases (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxy-
peptidase) + brush border
enzymes (carboxypeptidase,
aminopeptidase, dipeptidase).
Na+
Absorptive
epithelial
cell
Na+ 2
amino acids absorbed by active transport into absorptive cells.
Amino
acid
carrier
Active transport
Passive transport 3
Amino acids leave villus by facilitated diffusion, enter capillary via intercellular clefts.
Capillary
Figure 23.33

40. • Amino acids are absorbed by cotransport with sodium ions. Protein
Protein digestion
Enzyme(s)
and source
Site of
action
Foodstuff
Path of absorption
• Amino acids are absorbed
by cotransport with
sodium ions.
Protein
Pepsin
(stomach glands)
in presence
of HCl
Stomach
• Some dipeptides and
tripeptides are absorbed
via cotransport with H+
and hydrolyzed to amino
acids within the cells.
Large polypeptides
Pancreatic
enzymes
(trypsin, chymotrypsin,
carboxypeptidase)
Small
intestine +
Small polypeptides,
small peptides
• Amino acids leave the
epithelial cells by
facilitated diffusion, enter
the capillary blood in the
villi, and are transported
to the liver via the hepatic
portal vein.
Brush border
enzymes
(aminopeptidase,
carboxypeptidase,
and dipeptidase)
Small
intestine
Amino acids
(some dipeptides
and tripeptides)
Figure (2 of 4)

41. • Fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the intestinal cells via
Fat digestion
Enzyme(s)
and source
Site of
action
Foodstuff
Path of absorption
Unemulsified
fats
• Fatty acids and monoglycerides
enter the intestinal cells via
diffusion.
Emulsification by
the detergent
action of bile
salts ducted
in from the liver
Small
intestine
• Fatty acids and monoglycerides
are recombined to form
triglycerides and then
combined with other lipids and
proteins within the cells, and
the resulting chylomicrons are
extruded by exocytosis.
Pancreatic
lipases
Small
intestine
• The chylomicrons enter the
lacteals of the villi and are
transported to the systemic
circulation via the lymph in the
thoracic duct.
Monoglycerides
and fatty acids
Glycerol
and
fatty acids
• Some short-chain fatty acids
are absorbed, move into the
capillary blood in the villi by
diffusion, and are transported
to the liver via the hepatic
portal vein.
Figure (3 of 4)

42. by active transport via membrane carriers.
Nucleic acid digestion
Enzyme(s)
and source
Site of
action
Foodstuff
Path of absorption
Nucleic acids
• Enter intestinal cells
by active transport via
membrane carriers.
Pancreatic ribo-
nuclease and
deoxyribonuclease
Small
intestine
• Absorbed into villi capillaries, transported to liver via hepatic portal vein.
Brush border
enzymes
(nucleosidases
and phosphatases)
Small
intestine
Pentose sugars,
N-containing bases,
phosphate ions
Figure (4 of 4)

43. Processing in Small Intestine
E. Regulation of Bile & Pancreatic Secretion and Entry into the Sm. Intest. Regulation of Gastric Secretion-- REVIEW
Stimulatory events
Inhibitory events
Sight and thought
of food 1
Cerebral cortex
Lack of
stimulatory
impulses to
parasym-
pathetic
center
Cerebral
cortex
Loss of
appetite,
depression 1
Cephalic
phase
Conditioned reflex
Stimulation of
taste and smell
receptors 2
Hypothalamus
and medulla
oblongata
Vagus
nerve
Stomach
distension
activates
stretch
receptors 1
Vagovagal
reflexes
Medulla
Vagus
nerve
Gastrin
secretion
declines
G cells
Excessive
acidity
(pH <2)
in stomach 1
Gastric
phase
Local
reflexes
Overrides
parasym-
pathetic
controls
Sympathetic
nervous
system
activation
Emotional
upset 2
Food chemicals
(especially peptides and
caffeine) and rising pH
activate chemoreceptors 2
G cells
Gastrin
release
to blood
Stomach
secretory
activity
Entero-
gastric
reflex
Local
reflexes
Distension
of duodenum;
presence of
fatty, acidic,
hypertonic
chyme, and/or
irritants in
the duodenum 1
Presence of low
pH, partially digested
foods, fats, or
hypertonic solution
in duodenum when
stomach begins to
empty 1
Intestinal
(enteric)
gastrin
release
to blood
Vagal
nuclei
in medulla
Brief
effect
Intestinal
phase
Pyloric
sphincter
Release of intestinal
hormones (secretin,
cholecystokinin, vasoactive
intestinal peptide)
Distension;
presence of
fatty, acidic,
partially
digested food
in the
duodenum 2
Processing in Small Intestine
Stimulate
Inhibit
Figure 23.17

44. F. Digestion in the Small Intestine
1. Overall Function: finish digestion/absorb nutrients & water
2. Hypertonic Chyme moved slowly into Duodenum from stomach via slow peristalsis (3ml)
Chyme = acidic and hypertonic w/ partially digested carbohydrates/proteins & undigested fats
Pancreatic juices neutralize chime & make it isotonic
3. Segmentation Mixes chime w/ bile & pancreatic secretions and moves chime slowly towards Ileum

45. E. Regulation of Bile & Pancreatic Secretion and Entry into the Small Intestine
Continuation after intestinal phase of Stomach:
1. Cholecystokinin & Secretin released
Stimulus = Chyme entering Duodenum
CCK & Secretin potentiate (syngergistic)one another
Hormones  Blood
Hepatopancreatic Sphincter
relaxes (CCK)
4. Pancreatic Juice secreted
(CCK & Secretin)
5. Liver produces more bile
(Secretin, Bile Salts)
6. Gallbladder contracts (CCK)
Secretions enter Duodenum

46. 8. Absorption across ample surface area
(circular folds, villi, microvilli)
Breakdown products of carbohydrate
protein, fat, & nucleic acid digestion
9. Peristalsis: occurs after most
nutrients have been absorbed;
10. Ileocecal Sphincter relaxes
Next Meal, increased stomach
activity  increased segmentation
in Ileum
Gastrin from stomach relaxes
ileocecal sphincter remaining
substances move into Lg. Intestine
Sm. Intestine is emptied
START ALL OVER AGAIN WITH CYCLE