1. Chapter 6 Part 2 Relevance (Red Herring) Fallacies
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Chapter Outline (1)
Define and recognize argumentum ad hominem fallacies.
Define and recognize straw man fallacies.
Define and recognize false dilemma fallacies.
Define and recognize fallacies involved in misplacing the burden of proof.
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Chapter Outline (2)
Define and recognize fallacies involved in begging the question.
Define and recognize fallacies classified as appeals to emotion.
Define and recognize other fallacies involved in arriving at irrelevant conclusions.
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Appeal to Emotion
Occurs when a speaker or writer "supports" a contention by playing on people's emotions rather than by producing a real argument
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5. Varieties of Appeals to Emotion
Argument from outrage
Scare tactics
Peer pressure fallacy
Appeal to pity
Apple polishing
Guilt tripping
Appeal to envy
Appeal to jealousy
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Argument from Outrage
Occurs when a speaker or writer attempts to convince people by making them angry rather than by giving them a relevant argument
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7. Example of Argument from Outrage
“Do you think Apple doesn’t know it hires 12-year-old children to make its electronics? You think it isn’t aware it pays them slave wages and has them work in buildings without heat or air conditioning? It knows. Apple products can’t be any good.”
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Scare Tactics
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer tries to scare people into accepting an irrelevant conclusion
Example
“Buy Michelin tires. Don’t risk your children’s safety by buying inferior brands.”
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Threats
Sometimes form a part of the scare tactic
Example
“Buy Michelin tires, or I will see to it that you lose your job.”
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Peer Pressure Fallacy
Trying to persuade people to do or believe something by playing on their fear of being excluded from a group
Example
“Of course we are winning the war! If you don’t like it here, move to Baghdad, you weirdo!”
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Fear Mongering
Speakers and writers often make inflammatory or scary statements just to rile people up or frighten them, without pretending that the statements support a specific conclusion.
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12. Example of Fear Mongering
“I have here in my hand a list of two hundred and five people that were known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping the policy of the State Department.” - Joseph McCarthy
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Appeal to Pity
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer tries to convince people of something by arousing their pity rather than by giving a relevant argument
Example
“Jane is the best qualified candidate: after all, she is out of work and desperately needs a job.”
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Apple Polishing
A speaker or writer may issue remarks that play on people’s pride, in the hope that they will then accept the claim.
Example
"Surely someone as intelligent as you can see that the market system is always better than government regulation."
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Guilt Tripping
A speaker or writer may issue remarks that make people feel guilty, in the hope that they will then accept the claim.
Example
“How could you not invite Jennifer to your wedding? You really must!”
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Appeal to Envy
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer “supports” a contention by trying to make people feel envious rather than by producing a real argument
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17. Example of Appeal to Envy
“Colin has had every advantage: He was born into a wealthy family, he's very good-looking, and he has always been at the top of his class. In short, he has everything you don't have. If I were you, I'd take him off the shortlist for the job.”
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Appeal to Jealousy
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer “supports” a contention by trying to make people jealous rather than by producing a real argument
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19. Example of Appeal to Jealousy
“Listen, I know how much you're in love with Sarah. That's why I'm telling you that Jack has been hitting on her lately. You ought to know that when you're deciding who should be selected for the internship that Jack applied for.”
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20. What do all appeals to emotion have in common?
They are attempts at persuasion masquerading as arguments.
One needs to be careful because:
Not all arguments that excite the emotions are fallacies.
When the considerations offered truly support a contention, the argument is not a fallacy.
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21. Irrelevant Conclusion
Relevance fallacies that do not fit comfortably into the previously mentioned categories of fallacies
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22. Types of Irrelevant Conclusions
Two Wrongs Make a Right
Wishful Thinking
Denial
Ducking with Irrelevancies
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Two Wrongs Make a Right
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer thinks that the wrongfulness of a deed is erased as it was done in response to another wrongful deed
Example
“Why should I tell them they undercharged me? You think they would say something if they overcharged me?”
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Wishful Thinking
A fallacy that occurs when people forget that wanting something to be true is irrelevant to whether it is true
Example
“I really really hope I will be the next American Idol. Therefore, I’m sure I will be.”
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Denial
A fallacy that occurs when people forget that wanting something to be false is irrelevant to whether it is false
Example
“I’m positive I didn’t miss class as many times as the professor says and the records show! I just know it!”
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26. Ducking with Irrelevancies
Sometimes irrelevancies are introduced into a discussion when someone attacks a counterargument to his or her position rather than offering an argument for that position.
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27. Example of Ducking with Irrelevancies
“Republicans hated Obama due to their racist attitudes. If the polls didn’t show it, it’s because people lie.”
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