1. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

2. Social Psychology
The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.
social cognitions
social influences
social relations
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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3. Social Cognition
How do people select, interpret, remember, and use social information?
Person Perception
physical attractiveness
“beautiful is good” stereotype
self-fulfilling prophecy
composite faces, symmetry, and youthfulness
first impressions
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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4. Social Cognition Attributions Attribution Theory
explanations for why people behave the way they do
Attribution Theory
attempt to discover underlying causes of behavior
internal/external causes
stable/unstable causes
controllable/uncontrollable causes
Suggestion: Pose a scenario to students where someone (say, yourself) engages in some modestly negative behavior, such as tripping or responding to a student grumpily. Then have students suggest possible explanations for why the behavior occurred. Then compare their attributions to the types discussed on this slide. Given the fundamental attribution error which you are about to discuss on the next slide, students will tend to offer internal, stable causes. If so, prompt them to come up with external or unstable causes.
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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5. Social Cognition Attribution Errors fundamental attribution error
overestimate the importance of internal traits
underestimate the importance of external causes
observers often explain actors’ behaviors incorrectly
actors often explain own behavior in terms of external causes
Suggestion: If you conducted the discussion suggested for the previous slide, follow up with a discussion about the extent to which the fundamental attribution error played a role in the student responses proffered.
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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6. Social Cognition Social Comparison
process by which we evaluate our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people
social comparison theory
Note: Social Comparison could be viewed as analogous to norm-referenced test scores (in contrast to criterion-referenced scores)
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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7. Attitudes beliefs about people, places, and ideas.
Can attitudes predict behavior?
when attitudes are strong
when attitudes are rehearsed
when person has vested interest
Can behavior predict attitudes?
cognitive dissonance and self perception
Note: Watch out for the difference between prediction and causation
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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8. Persuasion The Communicator (credibility)
trustworthiness, expertise, attractiveness, likeability, similarity
Medium (television versus print)
The Target (age, attitude, strength)
Message (rational versus emotional strategy)
elaboration likelihood model
central route
peripheral route
Suggestion: Ask students to name a celebrity or otherwise famous person whose opinion they trust. Then explore with them the reasons they trust this person, tying it in to the credibility factors on this slide.
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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9. Persuasion Successful Persuasion foot-in-the-door technique
door-in-the-face technique
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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10. Social Behavior We behave in social ways toward the people around us.
Two extremes of human social activity:
Altruism
an unselfish interest in
helping someone else
aggression
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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11. Prosocial Behavior The Bystander Effect Media Influence
Darley and Latané (1968)
individuals are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present
diffusion of responsibility
Media Influence
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12. Social Influence: Obedience
Milgram’s Experiments (1965, 1974)
Factors that Contribute to Disobedience
disobedient models
authority figure not legitimate or not close by
victim made to seem more human
Ethical Concerns Regarding Milgram – Deception
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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13. Group Influence Group Performance
social facilitation: arousal with well-learned tasks
social loafing: reduced accountability
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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14. Intergroup Relations Group Identity Social Identity Ethnocentrism
“us” versus “them”
Social Identity
define ourselves in terms of group membership
Social Identity Theory
in-groups versus out-groups
Ethnocentrism
favoring one’s own group over other groups
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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15. Close Relationships Attraction proximity we like those who like us
mere exposure effect
promise of acquaintanceship
we like those who like us
similarity
consensual validation
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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16. Close Relationships: Love
Romantic Love
passionate love
sexuality and infatuation
Affectionate Love
companionate love
deep caring affection
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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17. Close Relationships: Love
Social Exchange Theory
fair exchange of “goods”
minimize costs, maximize benefits
Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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