2. Archetypes
Archetype: universal symbols – images, characters, motifs, or patterns, that recur in myths, art, and literature throughout the world
a typical character, an action or a situation that seems to represent such universal patterns of human nature
Ex.: Hero archetype, villain archetype, underdog archetype

3. Motif
a motif can be seen as an image, sound, action or other figures that have a symbolic significance and contributes toward the development of theme.
Motif vs. Theme: Motifs help develop or explain a theme, while the theme itself is a central message to novel.
Theme: Sacrifice is necessary for a revolution
Motif: Imprisonment
Motif vs. Symbol: Motifs reoccur throughout a novel, and may be represented through different individual symbols. Motifs also contribute directly to theme while symbols do not necessarily.
Ex: Symbols for life, different than the motif of life.

4. Motif vs. Symbol:
Motifs reoccur throughout a novel, and may be represented through different individual symbols.
Ex: Symbols for life, different than the motif of life.

5. Foil
 a foil is a character who contrasts with another character (usually the protagonist) in order to highlight particular qualities of the other character.
They usually contrast with the protagonist in a way that highlights important character traits
In Things Fall Apart, Okonkwo is contrasted to his father, Unoko.

6. Irony: Situational, Dramatic, and Verbal
Situational: Occurs when an event contradicts the expectations of the characters or the reader
Dramatic: a form of irony in which the reader or audience knows more about the circumstances or future events than the characters within the scene
Verbal: Occurs when a speaker or narrator says one thing while meaning the opposite

7. Hamartia
Also know as the “tragic flaw,” hamartia is the personal error in a protagonist’s personality that brings about her/his tragic downfall in a tragedy.
Ex: Hamlet’s hamartia is his indecisiveness. He cannot make up his mind about the dilemmas he confronts.
Hubris: Excessive pride or ego.