1. The Raven
By Edgar Allen Poe

2. Mini Biography of Edgar Allen Poe

3. Edgar Allen Poe- Fast Facts
Both of Poe’s natural parents were actors.
He was orphaned by age four.
He was cut off and later disinherited from his step-father’s fortune.
He married his first cousin when she was 13 and he was 26.
His wife, Virginia, died when she was only 24.
He is known as the inventor of horror and science fiction.
He was also a very tough literary critic.
His death is still a mystery. He was found delusional on the streets of Baltimore and died soon after. There are many suspicions about how he died, but none are proven.

4. TeacherTube Link to Christopher Walken's Reading of The Raven
Audio File
TeacherTube Link to Christopher Walken's Reading of The Raven

5. Close Reading
Read the poem by yourself and annotate on your own before we start our analysis together.

6. Stanza by stanza analysis

7. The first two things that are established are the setting and the mood
The first two things that are established are the setting and the mood. The speaker is up late in his room reading. He is barely awake and suddenly he hears someone at his bedroom door. He is scared at first but then assures himself that it is only a visitor.
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore – While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door – "'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door – Only this and nothing more."
The second thing to notice is the INTERNAL RHYME. Internal rhyme occurs within the lines instead of at the end. Can you find the places where internal rhyme occurs?

8. The setting is further explained in this stanza
The setting is further explained in this stanza. It was the middle of December. The speaker is reading to forget his sorrows and he was eagerly wishing for it to be morning.
Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December; And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow; – vainly I had sought to borrow From my books surcease of sorrow – sorrow for the lost Lenore – For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore – Nameless here for evermore.
The speaker introduces us to the cause of his sorrow in this stanza-Lenore. We know that she is “rare” and “radiant” and that she is gone forever.

9. This stanza further expands on the idea that the speaker is scared
This stanza further expands on the idea that the speaker is scared. He is calming himself down by repeating that it is only a visitor knocking on the door.
And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain Thrilled me – filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before; So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating, "'Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door – Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door; – This it is and nothing more."

10. The speaker finally decides to talk to the knocker and open up the door, but he finds nothing on the other side. This creates suspense and mystery to the plot.
Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer, "Sir," said I, "or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore; But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping, And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door, That I scarce was sure I heard you" – here I opened wide the door; – Darkness there and nothing more.

11. The speaker starts to think the worst
The speaker starts to think the worst. He is obviously leaning towards a message from the lost Lenore when he whispers, “Lenore?”
This is further evidence that the man is not wholly sane.
Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before; But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token, And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, "Lenore?" This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, "Lenore!" – Merely this and nothing more.

12. Turns out he was wrong. The noise was not coming from the door
Turns out he was wrong. The noise was not coming from the door. It was coming from the window. He steels his nerves and then opens up the window.
Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning, Soon again I heard a tapping somewhat louder than before. "Surely," said I, "surely that is something at my window lattice; Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore – Let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore; – 'Tis the wind and nothing more!"

13. This time there is something there-a raven
This time there is something there-a raven. It flies in like it owns the place and perches on top of a statue of Pallas (The Greek Goddess mostly known as Athena).
Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter, In there stepped a stately Raven of the saintly days of yore; Not the least obeisance made he; not a minute stopped or stayed he; But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door – Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door – Perched, and sat, and nothing more.
Ravens are very intelligent birds. They may appear as dark and evil, but that is not what they symbolize. They symbolize wisdom and knowledge. They are also known and the keepers of ancestral knowledge and the keepers of messages.
Allusion: Pallas Athena is the goddess of wisdom. Do you think that there is a reason the raven lands on her?

14. Allusion: The second allusion in the poem is also from mythology
Allusion: The second allusion in the poem is also from mythology. Night’s plutonian shore references Pluto, the god of the underworld. The reference is supposed to make the reader think of the underworld.
The narrator is amused by the bird’s entrance and jokingly asks the raven his name. He jokes that there is no way that he is a messenger from the “night’s plutonian shore.”
Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling, By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore, "Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou," I said, "art sure no craven, Ghastly grim and ancient Raven wandering from the Nightly shore – Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night's Plutonian shore!" Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."
The strangest thing about this stanza is that the bird speaks to the speaker. He says, “nevermore.”
Definition of Nevermore: at no future time, never again.

15. Hearing the bird speak pretty much stops the speaker’s amusement
Hearing the bird speak pretty much stops the speaker’s amusement. He thinks that this must be the first time this has ever happened to anyone in the world. He also thinks that the bird has stated his name instead of speaking a message.
Much I marveled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly, Though its answer little meaning – little relevancy bore; For we cannot help agreeing that no living human being Ever yet was blest with seeing bird above his chamber door – Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above his chamber door, With such name as "Nevermore."

16. But the Raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only That one word, as if his soul in that one word he did outpour. Nothing further then he uttered – not a feather then he fluttered – Till I scarcely more than muttered "Other friends have flown before – On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown before." Then the bird said "Nevermore."
Once again, trying to talk himself down from his fear, the speaker concludes that the bird will fly away in the morning just like his hopes. The bird surprises the speaker by responding to this the same way he responds to the question of his name- nevermore.

17. Once again the speaker tries to rationalize what is happening to him
Once again the speaker tries to rationalize what is happening to him. His conclusion is that the bird must be the pet of an unhappy owner who only taught him one word- Nevermore.
He is surprised that the bird replies again with just the one word.
Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken, "Doubtless," said I, "what it utters is its only stock and store Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful Disaster Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore – Till the dirges of his Hope that melancholy burden bore Of 'Never – nevermore.'"

18. Still amused, the speaker pulls a chair up to the bird and starts to think about the meaning of the bird’s words- BIG MISTAKE.
But the Raven still beguiling my sad fancy into smiling, Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird, and bust and door; Then, upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking Fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore – What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt and ominous bird of yore Meant in croaking "Nevermore."

19. As the speaker sinks into the velvet cushions of the chair he notices that the bird’s eyes start to burn into his soul and then he connects the chair with his lost love. He remembers that she will never have the joy of sinking into a comfortable chair again and then he starts to connect the word nevermore to his situation. Lenore will nevermore be able to do many things.
This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom's core; This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining On the cushion's velvet lining that the lamp-light gloated o'er, But whose velvet violet lining with the lamp-light gloating o'er, She shall press, ah, nevermore!

20. Suddenly the narrator smells perfume and the tone changes further
Suddenly the narrator smells perfume and the tone changes further. He envisions angels bringing a drink to rid him of his sorrow of Lenore, but the bird once again says-Nevermore.
Then, methought, the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censer Swung by Seraphim whose foot-falls tinkled on the tufted floor. "Wretch," I cried, "thy God hath lent thee – by these angels he hath sent thee Respite – respite and nepenthe, from thy memories of Lenore; Quaff, oh quaff this kind nepenthe and forget this lost Lenore!" Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."
Respite: a short period of relief from something pleasant
Nepenthe: a potion to induce forgetfulness of pain or sorrow
Quaff: to drink

21. Allusion: Balm in Gilead- This is a reference to the story of Job in the Bible. It is the exact same question Job asks after losing his land, wife, children, and money. Is there any spiritual healing?
Even though the bird has denied that he is there to bring relief, the speaker is still hoping that there will be some sparing of his feelings/pain. He asks if there is any hope and, well, you know what the bird says...
"Prophet!" said I, "thing of evil! – prophet still, if bird or devil! – Whether Tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore, Desolate yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted – On this home by Horror haunted – tell me truly, I implore – Is there – is there balm in Gilead? – tell me – tell me, I implore!" Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."

22. "Prophet. " said I, "thing of evil – prophet still, if bird or devil
"Prophet!" said I, "thing of evil – prophet still, if bird or devil! By that Heaven that bends above us – by that God we both adore – Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the distant Aidenn, It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the angels name Lenore – Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore." Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."
We see some repetition here of language from earlier in the poem and definitely repetition of the same type of question. This time he wants to know if he will see Lenore in paradise/heaven. The bird says no. Do we see a pattern here?
Aidenn in Arabic means paradise. Paradise=Heaven

23. "Be that word our sign in parting, bird or fiend
"Be that word our sign in parting, bird or fiend!" I shrieked, upstarting – "Get thee back into the tempest and the Night's Plutonian shore! Leave no black plume as a token of that lie thy soul hath spoken! Leave my loneliness unbroken! – quit the bust above my door! Take thy beak from out my heart, and take thy form from off my door!" Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."
After not getting the answer he wants for the last time he kicks the bird out of his room. The bird refuses. Could this be a statement about this man’s pain?

24. And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door; And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon's that is dreaming, And the lamp-light o'er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor; And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor Shall be lifted – nevermore!
The last stanza tells us what we already know, the man will never be free from his pain. The bird, real or not, is still sitting on the statue of Athena in his room. Some say that this last stanza indicates that the narrator dies and some say that his soul is the thing that dies. You have to decide for yourself. Was the bird real or did he imagine/dream the incident? The overall message is that the pain of losing this woman will never go away.