1. Module 28/31- The Money Market and the Equation of Exchange
J.A.SACCO

2. Graphing Monetary Policy
Three types of “Money Demand”
Transaction Demand- hold money as a medium of exchange. National income increase, the demand for money increases
Precautionary Demand- unplanned emergencies
Asset Demand- Money as a store of value instead of other assets.

3. Graphing Monetary Policy
Demand for Money Curve
Why downward sloping?
At high interest rate MD is low because rather hold other assets -opportunity cost of holding money is high (give up interest on other assets)
At low interest rate, MD is high because rate of interest on holding other assets is low -opportunity cost of holding money is low
Int. rate / Q.D. of Money
Int. rate /Q.D. Money
*Remember a change in the interest rate is only a movement
up and down the Money demand curve

4. Graphing Monetary Policy
Demand for Money Curve
Shifts?
Changes in price level
PL increase/ MD increase
PL decrease/MD decrease
Changes in Real GDP
GDP increase/ MD increase
GDP decrease/ MD decrease
Changes in technology- ATM’s, credit cards
Tech. increase/ MD decrease
Tech. decrease/ MD increase
*Remember a change in the money demand curve is a shift of the curve

5. Graphing Monetary Policy
Money Supply Curve
Always vertical, stock concept
MS increase, IR decrease, expansionary
MS decrease, IR increase, contractionary
Key Point- Interest rate in the money market is
determined by the price of bonds in the bond market

6. Expansionary Monetary Policy
Fed. Buys Bonds
Money Supply?
Interest Rate?
Price of Bonds?
Invest? Consump?
GDP?
Inflation?
Unemployment?
Show changes in Money Market graph
Show corresponding changes in investment graph
Draw an AD/AS model starting with
a recessionary gap and show the
results of the monetary expansion.

7. Expansionary Monetary Policy
Fed. Buys Bonds
Money Supply?
Interest Rate?
Price of Bonds?
Investment/Consumption?
GDP?
Inflation?
Unemployment?

9. Contractionary Monetary Policy
Fed. Sells Bonds
Money Supply?
Interest Rate?
Price of Bonds?
Invest? Consump?
GDP?
Inflation?
Unemployment?
Show changes in Money Market graph
Show corresponding changes in investment graph
Draw an AD/AS model starting with a expansionary gap and show the results of the monetary contraction.

10. Contractionary Monetary Policy
Fed Sells Bonds
Money Supply?
Interest Rate?
Price of Bonds?
Invest/Consumption?
GDP?
Inflation?
Unemployment?

11. The Equation of Exchange
How much money is too much money?
Mathematical expression of the “quantity theory of money” devised by Irving Fisher
Aggregate amount
spent by buyers
Total value of all
goods and services =
MV=PQ
Equation to explain how exchange and the role
of “M” and “V” in determining the level of output (P &Q)

12. The Equation of Exchange
M = Stock of Money- M1 money supply. Currency, travelers checks, checkable deposits.
V = Velocity of Money-Income (GDP) velocity of circulation. The average number of times a dollar is spent on final goods and services per time (usually a year).

13. The Equation of Exchange
P = The average price of the final goods and services in GDP. The GDP Deflator.
Q = Real Output. The quantity of goods and services in GDP. Real GDP in dollars of the base year of the deflator.

14. The Equation of Exchange
Example-
M= $300 B and V= 5, therefore if Q = $750B then P = ?
$2 per unit
Why is this equation important to the money supply?
Provides insight into what would happen to
output(Q) and prices (P) when money supply changes.

15. The Equation of Exchange
Assume Velocity of Money (V) is constant.
If the Supply of Money (M) increases, then either Price (P) or Output (Q) or both must increase. The effect of the change in M on P and Q will depend on the state of the economy.

16. Crude Quantity Theory of Money and Prices
If the economy is operating well below full employment (recession), an increase in M will tend to raise Q (ouput) more than P (price) as unemployed resources are re- employed.
If the economy is already at full employment or above, any increase in M will tend to raise P more than Q. The increase in M will be purely inflationary.
Thus the state of the economy will have a major impact on whether or not to increase the money supply.

17. Crude Quantity Theory of Money and Prices
So if Q (GDP) increases by 3-5% a year, any increase in M above 5% merely increases the price level (demand pull inflation )
Increases of less than 3% in M means Q cannot increase by 3% so the price level will fall, recession.
The key is to grow the money supply with the growth of output (real GDP) in order to maintain economic stability.