2. ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream
Ductless

4. EXOCRINE GLANDS
secrete substances through a duct (sweat, salivary, lacrimal and pancreas)

5. Function of the Endocrine System
to secrete hormones – chemical messengers that coordinate and direct target cells and organs.

6. Hormonal Control NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Drop in hormone level triggers a chain reaction to increase secretion, for example
Blood level of hormone falls
Brain gets message and sends out hormone to stimulate gland
Gland stimulates more hormone
When blood levels of hormone increase, the brain hormones stop

7. Nervous Control
In some cases, sympathetic nervous system causes direct release of hormone from gland (for example, when stress causes the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenalin)

8. PITUITARY GLAND Tiny structure the size of a grape Located at the base
of the brain
Connected to the
hypothalamus
Divided into anterior
and posterior lobes
The “Master Gland”

9. Anterior Pituitary Lobe
GROWTH HORMONE - GH (SOMATOTROPIN) responsible for growth and development
PROLACTIN – develops breast tissue, stimulates production of milk after childbirth
THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE – TSH - stimulates thyroxine
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE – ACTH – stimulates adrenal cortex

10. FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE – FSH -stimulates growth of graafian follicle and production of estrogen in females, sperm in males

11. LUTEINIZING HORMONE – LH – stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, which produces progesterone in females
OXYTOCIN

12. Posterior Pituitary Lobe
VASOPRESSIN – converts to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the bloodstream, acts on kidney to concentrate urine and preserve H2O in the body

13. OXYTOCIN
Released during childbirth causing contractions of the uterus

14. THYROID GLAND Butterfly-shaped mass of tissue
On either side of larynx, over trachea
H-shaped

15. Main hormone – THYROXINE – is controlled by the secretion of TSH
Thyroxine controls the rate of metabolism

16. CALCITONIN
Controls calcium ion concentration in the body, prevents hypercalcemia

17. PARATHYROID GLANDS Four glands, each the size of a grain of rice
Attached to posterior
thyroid
Produce PARATHORMONE
which helps control blood
calcium level, prevents hypocalcemia

18. THYMUS Endocrine gland and lymphatic organ
Located behind the sternum, above and in front of the heart
Begins to disappear at puberty

19. Produces hormone called THYMOSIN which helps with the maturation of WBC during childhood to fight infection
Produces lymphoctyes that mature into a type of WBC called a T lymphocyte

21. ADRENAL GLANDS Located on top of each kidney
Adrenal cortex secretes hormones known as corticoids – they are anti-inflammatory
They are: mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones
ANDROGENS are male sex hormones

22. Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenalin) and nor epinephrine
ADRENALIN is a powerful cardiac stimulant – “fight or flight” hormones that prepare the body for an emergency situation

23. The liver & muscles release glucose to provide an extra source of energy.
Fat tissue is broken down to produce additional energy
Muscles develop greater endurance & so tire less easily
The heart contracts more forcibly & beats much faster
Gives superhuman strength in emergency situations

24. GONADS Ovary in female Testes in male
Estrogen – development of female reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone – plays a part in the menstrual cycle
Testosterone – male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics

25. PANCREAS Located behind the stomach Endocrine and exocrine functions
Involved in production of INSULIN by ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
Insulin – promotes utilization of glucose by the cells, fatty acid and amino acid transport, and facilitates protein synthesis

28. PINEAL GLAND Found in the brain Shaped like a pine cone
Full function still remains unknown
Produces MELATONIN which rises and falls during the waking & sleeping hours. It is believed this hormone is what triggers our sleep by peaking at night & causing drowsiness.

29. Other Hormones
PROSTAGLANDINS – tissue hormones, can cause constriction of blood vessels, muscle contractions. Can be used to induce labor.

32. Endocrine Disorders

33. GIGANTISM Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth hormone
In preadolescent – overgrowth of long bones leads to excessive tallness

35. ACROMEGALY
Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth hormone in adulthood
Overdevelopment of bones in face, hands and feet
Attacks cartilage – so the chin protrudes, lips nose and extremities enlarge
Rx – drugs to inhibit growth hormone, radiation

37. DWARFISM Hypofunction of pituitary in childhood
Small size, but body proportions and intellect are normal
Sexual immaturity
Rx – early diagnosis, injection of growth hormone

39. What is achondroplasia
Achondroplasia is a disorder of bone growth. Although achondroplasia literally means "without cartilage formation," the problem is not in forming cartilage but in converting it to bone, particularly in the long bones of the arms and legs.
All people with achondroplasia have short stature. The average height of an adult male with achondroplasia is 131 centimeters (4 feet, 4 inches), and the average height for adult females is 124 centimeters (4 feet, 1 inch).

40. Characteristic features of achondroplasia include an average-size trunk, short arms and legs with particularly short upper arms and thighs, limited range of motion at the elbows, and an enlarged head (macrocephaly) with a prominent forehead. Fingers are typically short and the ring finger and middle finger may diverge, giving the hand a three-pronged (trident) appearance. People with achondroplasia are generally of normal intelligence.

41. Health problems commonly associated with achondroplasia include episodes in which breathing slows or stops for short periods (apnea), obesity, and recurrent ear infections. In adulthood, individuals with the condition usually develop a pronounced and permanent sway of the lower back (lordosis) and bowed legs. Older individuals often have back pain, which can cause difficulty with walking.
How common is achondroplasia?
Achondroplasia is the most common type of short-limbed dwarfism. The condition occurs in 1 in 15,000 to 40,000

42. HYPERTHYROIDISM Overactive thyroid gland
Too much thyroxine secreted leading to enlargement of gland
People with this disease consume large quantities of food but lose body fat and weight

43. Most pronounced symptoms are enlargement of gland (GOITER) and bulging of eyeballs (EXOPHTHALMOS)
Rx – total or partial removal of thyroid gland, drugs to reduce thyroxine, radiation

45. HYPOTHYROIDISM Not enough thyroxine secreted
May be due to lack of iodine (simple goiter)
Major cause of other types is inflammation of thyroid which destroys the ability of the gland to make thyroxine
Symps – dry and itchy skin, dry and brittle hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night

47. TETANY
In hypoparathyroidism, decreased calcium levels affect function of nerves
Convulsive twitching develops, person dies of spasms in the respiratory muscles
Rx – Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone

48. CUSHING’S SYNDROME Hypersecretion of adrenal cortex
May be caused by adrenal cortical tumor or prolonged use of prednisone
Symps – high blood pressure, muscle weakness, obesity, poor healing, tendency to bruise, hirsutism (excessive hair growth), menstrual disorders
Rounded moon face and buffalo hump
Rx – surgical removal of tumor

50. ADDISON’S DISEASE Hypofunction of adrenal cortex
Symps – bronzing of skin, hypoglycemia, hypotension, etc.
Rx – replace deficient hormones

52. Steroid Abuse in Sports
Anabolic steroids (androgens) can help build bigger, stronger muscles
Risks far outweigh temporary improvements – males have liver changes, atrophy of testicles, breast enlargement, and cardiovascular disease

53. Female risks include amenorrhea, abnormal placement of body hair, baldness, voice changes

54. DIABETES MELLITUS Caused by  secretion of insulin
Can be insulin dependent (juvenile) or non-insulin dependent
Symps – polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss, blurred vision, and possible diabetic coma
If not treated, excess glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) and glucose secreted in urine (glycosuria)
Since glucose not available for cellular oxidation, body starts to burn up protein and fat
If too much insulin is given, blood sugar may go too low (hypogycemia  insulin shock)

55. If blood sugar gets too high – hyperglycemia  diabetic coma

56. Type II (non-insulin dependent) is most common, usually familial, occurs later in life, control with oral hypoglycemic drugs and diet

57. Tests for Diabetes
– blood sample measured in glucometer – done by patient in home – normal blood sugar mg