1. ADONIS®-BPM-Toolkit
Simulation Component

2. Overview 1 Basics 2 Pre-requisites 3 Path Analysis 4 Capacity Analysis
5 Workload Analysis

3. Components Path analysis Agents Free simulation cache
Capacity analysis
Delete simulation
results
Workload analysis
(steady state)
Offline animation
Workload analysis
(fixed time period)

4. Definition model, that shows reality
The simulation of a system means working with a
model, that shows reality
in consideration to the
characteristics that have to be taken into account.
interpret
abstract
Parameters:

5. Objective of Simulation Studies
Process times
Process costs
Imitation
Study
Analysis
of the behaviour of complex, dynamic systems.

6. ? Proceeding Objectives Model creation Validity check Simulation
execution ?

7. Proceeding according to BPMS Methodology
Objectives
Analysis
Model
creation
Evaluation
Criteria
definition
Validity
check
Acquisition ? ?
Simulation
execution
Design

8. Phase of the Objective Definition
Defining precisely the tasks enables:
Definition of a general framework and of restrictions of factors of decision making
to evaluate whether the simulation results correspond to the objective guidelines
to identify factors of decision making

9. Simulation Algorithms Result of the simulation
Path analysis
Capacity analysis
Workload analysis
Steady state
Fixed time period
Result of the simulation
Anticipation of potential restructuring measures and consideration of the effects
from different points of view

10. Simulation Algorithms
Path analysis: ("Play through the processes")
Simulation without consideration of the working environment (structure
organisation)
Expected values of times and costs
Critical paths
Determination of the dimension of the personnel needs in person days
Capacity analysis:
Simulation with assignment of the activities to the performers
Exact determination of the personnel requirements
Consideration of the personnel costs
Workload analysis:
Simulation including calculation of waiting times (queue model)
Activity and process costs
Capacity planning by means of process and person calendar

11. Algorithms: For and Against the Execution
Path analysis:
+ Less costs for the Acquisition phase
+ Easy interpretation of results
- Acquisition costs for waiting times cannot be calculated
Capacity analysis:
+ Evaluation of the organizational structure is possible
+ Includes personnel costs
- Acquisition costs for waiting times cannot be calculated
Workload analysis:
+ Dynamic capacity planning determination
- Acquisition costs for the arrival times of processes

12. Overview 1 Basics 2 Pre-requisites 3 Path Analysis 4 Capacity Analysis
5 Workload Analysis

13. General Pre-requisites
Business process models have to fit the following general pre-requisites in order to be able to simulate them:
Each model has to contain exactly one start object
Each model has to contain at least one end object
An unbroken and logical connection has to be created between start object(s) and end object(s) via other modelling objects (e.g. activities, decisions) and/or connectors
The transition conditions or transition probabilities after a decision have to be defined correctly
The parallelities must be modelled correctly

14. Special Pre-requisites
For the simulation algorithms "Capacity analysis" and "Workload analysis", there are in addition, the following requirements:
In each activity, a performer assignment has to be defined
An application model (consisting of at least one business process model and exactly one working environment model) has to be defined.
By modeling resources, a resource assignment has to be defined
Note: By storing times, costs and quantities in the models, no pre-requisite is necessary for executing the evaluations. However, if no value has been assigned, the evaluation results could be incomplete.

15. Setting Overview Variable assignment 1) Resource assignment 2)
Business process
Resource assignment 2)
Activity times 1)
Performer assignment 2)
Condition of transition 1)
Subprocess 1)
1) Path- and capacity analysis
2) Capacity analysis
Note: In the ADONIS notebook, a help input is available for the settings described: it can be opened by clicking on the smart icon

16. Other Relevant to Simulation Attributes
Business process
Quantity 2)
Time period 2)
Activity costs 1)
Working environment
Wage per hour 2)
1) Path and capacity analysis
2) Capacity analysis
Availability 2)

17. Sub Process
Clicking on the "Add" button in the ADONIS® notebook (subprocess object - attribute "referenced subprocess") enables to create a reference to a business process model, i.e. a subprocess call.
1. Select the process to be referenced
2. Assign an attribute value 1. 1.
Clicking on the "New" button enables to create a new process model and then reference it.

18. Activity Times 1. Enter an attribute value
The values entered in the fields "Years", "Days", "Hours",
"Minutes" and "Seconds" are
automatically transposed in the
ADONIS time format
(jj:ttt:hh:mm:ss) and represented
in the field "Value".
2. Assign the attribute value (and close window) 1. 2.
Note: Storing times in the models is not a pre-requisite for executing the evaluations. However, if no value has been assigned, the evaluation results could be incomplete.

19. Random Generator (discrete)
1. Select "discrete" distribution
Repeat, until all the symbols and their probabilities are entered
2a. Enter symbol names
2b. Enter a probability
2c. Enter an attribute value
3. Assign the definition (the syntactically correct assignment expression
is displayed in the field "Value")
4. Assign the attribute value

20. Random Generator (exponential)
1. Select "exponential" distribution
2. Enter an expected value
3. Assign the definition (the syntactically correct assignment expression
is displayed in the field "Value") 1. 2.
4. Assign the attribute value 3. 4.

21. Random Generator (uniform)
1. Select "uniform" distribution
2. Enter a lower bound 1.
3. Enter an upper bound
4. Assign the definition (the syntactically correct assignment expression
is displayed in the field "Value") 2. 3.
5. Assign the attribute value 4. 5.

22. Random Generator (normal)
1. Select "normal" distribution
2. Enter an expected value 1.
3. Enter a standard deviation
4. Assign the definition (the syntactically correct assignment expression
is displayed in the field "Value") 2. 3.
5. Assign the attribute value 4. 5.

23. Transition Condition Define transition condition 1a. Select a variable
1b. Select operator
1c. Select value (symbol)
2. Assign the definition (the syntactically correct assignment expression
is displayed in the field "Value")
3. Assign the attribute value
The buttons "AND", "OR", "NOT" enable to logically link several elementary expressions.

24. Excerpt from the ADONIS notebook
Variable Type
In addition to the definition of a distribution in the random generator object, the variable type must be defined accordingly.
In case of a discrete distribution, the variable type "Enumeration" has to be assigned.
In case of an exponential, uniform or normal distribution, the variable type "float" has to be assigned.
Excerpt from the ADONIS notebook
of a variable object

25. Excerpt from the ADONIS notebook
Variable Scope
The definition of the variable scope enables to determine in which places this variable can be read out in transition conditions.
The locally valid variables can be read out only in the model in which they are modelled.
The globally valid variables can be read out in subordinated models, as well as in Global valid variables, and can be called in proceeding and subsequent models
Excerpt from the ADONIS notebook
of a variable object
Note: Linking the random generator to the nodes (e.g. activities, process start) in the process model has to occur in the flow sequence before reading out the corresponding variable in the transition condition of a subsequence connector.

26. Performer Assignment
1. Select working environment model (the model has to be opened; the objects necessary for the performer assignment have
to be contained in the model)
2. Select a class or object
3. Select a relation
4. Assign the definition (the syntactically correct performer expression is displayed in the field "Performer") 1.
5. Assign the attribute value 3. 2. 4. 5.
The buttons "AND", "OR", "NOT" enable to logically
link several elementary expressions.

27. (hierarchical working environment models)
Performer Assignment
(hierarchical working environment models)
By using hierarchical working environment models, the position of the performer has to be specified after the performer assignment.
Option „Objects that refer to the main model" The performer to be assigned is searched only in the main model (the main model is the working environment model defined in the application model)
Option „Objects that refer to the current model" The performer to be assigned is searched only in the current model. (The current model is the working environment model selected by defining the performer assignment)
Option „Objects that refer to the whole model tree" The performer to be assigned is searched over the whole working environment model hierarchy.

28. Performer Assignment for Sub Processes
The performer assignment is possible in subprocess objects as well, (on the condition that they have been defined accordingly). It enables to define "standard performer assignment expressions", which are evaluated when no performer assignment has been made to the activities of the subprocess.
Performer assignment (simplified)
Example:
In the main model, the performer "Responsible person" has been assigned in the subprocess.
During the simulation, the performer "Responsible person" is assigned to "Activity-3" in the submodel, since no performer assignment has been made in "Activity-3".
In submodel (2d level), no performer has been defined as well. Therefore, the standard value from the subprocess object is used in the submodel during the simulation. Since there was no assignment for this value as well, the standard value from the main model – i.e. responsible person – is assigned to "Activity-4" .

29. Resource Assignment
1. Select a working environment model (the model has to be opened; the objects needed for the performer assignment have to be contained in the model)
2. Select a class or object
3. Select a relation
4. Assign the definition (the syntactically correct performer expression is displayed in the field "Value") 1.
5. Assign the attribute value 3. 2. 4. 5.
The buttons "AND", "OR", "NOT" enable to logically link several elementary expressions.

30. Overview 1 Basics 2 Pre-requisites 3 Path Analysis 4 Capacity Analysis
5 Workload Analysis

31. "Play through" a process:
Overview
"Play through" a process:
Business process model (inclusive subprocesses)
Input
Expected times (WT, ET, RT, TT, CT) and costs for a single path
Expected times and costs for the process
Determination of "critical paths"
Determination of personnel needs, in person days
Output

32. Execution 2. Smart Icon or Menu „Algorithm“ Menu item „Path analysis“
Button „OK“ 1. 3. 4.
1. Select a (main) process model
2. Define the numbers
3. Determine the options
4. Activate the passive components
5. Start the path analysis 5.

33. Numbers
"Number of simulations" Indicates how many processes have to be „run through". The number of simulations is a measure of precision, i.e. the higher the number is, the more precise the simulation results are.
"Working days per year" Serves to determine the enterprise time, together with the value entered in the field "Hours per working day".
"Hours per working day" Serves to determine the enterprise time, together with the value contained in the field "Working days per year".

34. Number of Simulation Runs
Quality criterion
Random generator
Simulation result
90%
100% 0%
e.g.:
Runs = 1
Runs = 2
Runs = 1000
10%
90%
100% 0%
10%
90%
89%
11%
10%

35. Options
"Input parameters" Select which input parameter combination has to be used as input for the simulation.
"Info" Explanations to the currently selected input parameter combination.
"Agents" Open the agent overview of the selected model.

36. Passive Components Program calls: Deterministic simulation: Protocol:
This option is not available in the path analysis.
Deterministic simulation:
Every simulation run generates random numbers, to calculate probabilities. When the deterministic simulation is activated, the „random” numbers have the same value with every simulation run as long as the model remains unchanged..
The „Start value“ parameter is the basis of the random number calculation. If you change it, you will obtain new – however deterministic – result.
Protocol:

37. The Algorithm Σ0
Σ1 = Σ0 + Σ1.1
Path 1
Path 2
Σ2 = Σ0 + 0

38. Result Selection 1. Sort the path results 5. 2. Show the path result
3. Show the (whole) results
4. Show agent results
5. Save path results
6. Save simulation results in the models 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4.

39. Single Path Results Display of the selected path in the model graphic
Expected values of times and costs for each path
Flow description for the selected path (list of all the nodes contained in the path)

40. (Whole) Results of the Path Analysis
Expected values of times and costs
for the whole process

41. Attention: Determination of the Personnel Needs
The path analysis enables to determine a scope for the personnel needs, i.e. it is possible
to calculate the personnel needs for the whole process.
If the process is executed by different employees or by employees with different roles, this cannot be taken into account during the path analysis.
The determination of the personnel needs on the basis of the path analysis occurs on the one hand, depending on the expected value for the execution time and on the other hand, depending on the frequency of the simulated process.
Example:
Execution time: 16 min 23 sec (= 983 sec)
Frequency: times per year
Whole working time per person per year: 170 Days for 8 h = h = sec
Gives as personnel needs: 983   = 2,0077  2 persons

42. Overview 1 Basics 2 Pre-requisites 3 Path Analysis 4 Capacity Analysis
5 Workload Analysis

43. Overview "Assignment of performers to activities" Application model
Input
Output
Costs of activities and processes
Exact determination of personnel needs
Reference to personnel costs

44. one or several BP models
Application Models (1)
Application model
one or several BP models
exactly one WE model
Business process models
Working environment models
Note: Application models consist only of main models (BP and WE models). The referenced models are automatically determined during the simulation.

45. Application Models (2) Business process models
Working environment models
Application
models

46. Defining Application Models
Simulation component:
Modelling component:
2. Maßzahlen definieren
Menu „Algorithm“
Menu itemt „ Capacity analysis“
Button „Add“
Menu „Algorithm“
Menu item „Capacity analysis“
Button „Add“ or 1. 2. 4. 3.
1. Select the main BP model(s)
2. Select the main WE model
3. Enter the name of the application model
4. Define the application model

47. Execution Smart Icon or Menu „Algorithm“ 2.
Menu item „Capacity Analysis“ 1. 2. 4. 3. 5.
1. Select an application model
2. Define the numbers
3. Determine the options
4. Activate the passive components
5. Start capacity analysis

48. Numbers
Number of simulations Indicates how many processes have to be „run through". The number of simulations is a measure of precision, i.e. the higher the number, the more precise the simulation results are.
Working days per year Serves to determine the enterprise time, together with the value entered in the field "Hours per working day".
Hours per working day Serves to determine the enterprise time, together with the value containted in the field "Working days per year".

49. Number of Simulation Runs
Quality criterion
Random generator
Simulation result
90%
100% 0%
e.g.:
Runs = 1
Runs = 2
Runs = 1000
10%
90%
100% 0%
10%
90%
89%
11%
10%

50. Options Input parameter
Select which input parameter combination has to be used as input for the simulation.
Info Explanations for the currently selected input parameter combination.
Agents Open the agent overview of the selected model.

51. Capacity Analysis - Passive Components
Program calls If this option is active, program calls are executed during the simulation, according to the definition of the input parameters.
Path analysis If this option is active, the results of the capacity analysis (cycle time) are determined.
Computation If this option is active, the results of the capacity analysis (times and costs) are determined.
Deterministic simulation:
Every simulation run generates random numbers, to calculate probabilities. When the deterministic simulation is activated, the „random” numbers have the same value with every simulation run as long as the model remains unchanged.
The „Start value“ parameter is the basis of the random number calculation. If you change it, you will obtain new – however deterministic – result.
Protocol If this option is active, a protocol (brief form for later offline animation) is generated in the file indicated.

52. Algorithm 
Path 1
Path 2 1 = + 2 
1.1
Herbertson
Summer
Winter
During simulation, the performer assignment expression is evaluated in the activities and a performer from the working environment model, is assigned to each activity.

53. Capacity Analysis 1. 2. 4. 3. 5. 6.
5. Save the simulation results in the models
6. Show the agent results
1. Reference values for the calculation
2. Select the structure to be used for the resource results
4. Show the results
3. Time period for the calculation

54. Results (tabular) Structure of the simulation results
Determined times and costs
Number

55. Results (graphical)
Bar chart
Pie chart

56. Attention: Determination of the Personnel Needs
In contrast to the determination of a scope for the personnel needs based on the path
analysis, the capacity analysis offers automatic personnel needs calculation (per
month or per year).
The working environment, that is the basis for the capacity analysis, is here taken into
account, so that the personnel needs can be determined for each single group (e.g.
roles, organisational units).
Personnel needs related to roles per year

57. Overview 1 Basics 2 Pre-requisites 3 Path Analysis 4 Capacity Analysis
5 Workload Analysis

58. Capacity versus Workload Analysis
Simulation
analysis
Path
Capacity
analysis
Workload
analysis
200 x BP Open account per day How many resources are required?
20 employees, 10 PCs, 2 fax machines,
15 telephones, ... (resources given)
Why are the waiting times created?
How do cycle times develop?

59. Overview Result Application model Waiting times Workloads
"Queue model"
Application model
Input
Waiting times
Workloads
Activity and process costs
Output
Evaluation of the process behaviour under a given resource amount
Costs
Result