1. Communist China NSC-68 The Korean War Red Scare at Home
Ch.3 Cold War Heats Up
Communist China
NSC-68
The Korean War
Red Scare at Home

2. Red Takeover of Mosinee
Why was the Stunt in Mosinee, Wi. Staged?
Archive footage

3. Red Takeover of Mosinee
Mosinee, Wis Taken over for 24 hrs. by “Reds.” May 1, 1950
Dramatically designed to warn of the threat of communism as the Cold War intensified.
to teach Americans the meaning of good Americanism by demonstrating what privileges and rights would be lost if communism took over
The mock takeover was three months after U.S. Sen. Joseph McCarthy, R-Wis., charged that the State Department employed 205 communists.
The domestic red scare - anti-communism at home - a direct reflection of the Cold War abroad. Communism seemed to be a threat here in the United States.
Archive footage

4. Domestic Communism
Espionage from Soviets a real threat during and directly after the war
Soviet espionage penetrated the Manhattan project and State department
People were bribed or blackmailed to spy, some were motivated by politics or romantic notion of “anti-fascism”- commitment to civil rights or improving lives of working class
Spying and Communist Party membership were not identical categories. Of the 50,000 party members in the war years, only about 300 were involved in spying.
Stalin’s belligerence abroad and economic stability at home proved to be contributing factor in decline of Communist party in U.S.
Cnn cold war spies- 1:17 to 10

5. Civil Defense
The organization and training of civilians for the protection of lives and property during and after attacks in wartime.
During the Cold War, there was little for citizens to do. Preparedness became the watchword. (The forging of national spirit was again an unstated but undeniable aim.)
January 1951 President Truman created the Federal Civil Defense Administration:
- An educational propaganda agency
- Curricula for public schools and distributed brochures,
films, and radio segments.
- Home-economics classes taught girls how to furnish bomb
shelters. 
Congress charged the FCDA with training programs that state and local governments would implement.
The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956, popularly known as the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act (Public Law ), was enacted on June 29, 1956
WeirdNJ
Cnn cold war sputnik
Atomic Alert
Duck and Cover-
Nike Missile Video
AT&T Nike Missile
Second best

6. Cold War in Asia Read the Obituary of Chiang Kai Shek- NY Times
Who was he?
From 1927 to 1949 what problems beset his rule?
“Facing Herculean Tasks,” once in power in Nov 1928, how did he plan on seeking political unification?
What problems weakened his regime?
What was Chiang’s role during the war?
To many Americans, what did Chiang Symbolize? Was this accurate? Why or Why Not?

7. Cold War in Asia During World WWII, U.S. Allied with
Nationalists, led by Chiang Kai-Shek
U.S. Propaganda built up character of
Nationalists (Kuomintang)- “Freedom-Loving, Democratic,
and Responsible
By % Americans believed this
Reality- Kuomintang was weak, incompetent,
fractured, and corrupt.
Public support flooded to Communists under Mao Zedong
Why we fight 4:50 to 15
Chaing- The Economist
NY Times -
Gilder Institute-
Crash Course

8. Cold War In Asia (Cont.) U.S. Efforts in Asia
Gen George C. Marshall is sent to work out peace deal with Mao and Chiang
Compromise Fails
1949- Truman urges Chiang to reform and stamp out corruption- Chiang is powerless or unwilling
Truman stops all aid to Chiang, Nationalists flee to island of Formosa (Taiwan)
1949- Communists over-run mainland China
Chinese Civil war -
CNN Cold War

9. Cold War In Asia (Cont.) Backlash in the U.S. Public view:
a. Groups within the government responsible for “losing China”
b. Truman abandoned Chinese Allies
c. Communists spies in government conspired and manipulated U.S.
policy
On top of Europe, Politicians and military planners were now required to focus attention and resources to establish a policy that included Asia

10. Text Reading- Pgs 49-50 Read “NSC-68”
Highlight important facts about the document.
In Notebooks, bullet out main arguments in NSC-68 and policies the American government should pursue.

11. Architects of NSC-68
Dean Acheson
Paul Nitze

12. Architects of NSC-68
Paul Nitze- Read the obituary of Nitze and Answer:
Dean Acheson- Read the Bio of Acheson and Answer
What was the purpose of the harsh language Nitze included in NSC-68? How was this different from Kennan?
Truman did not agree with Acheson’s and Nitze’s assessment, but what event resulted in the expansion of military spending?
What role did Nitze serve in the Eisenhower presidency?
What ideas did Nitze and Eisenhower disagree over? What did Nitze do to force Eisenhower’s hand?
What did Nitze not like about Carter’s policies towards the Soviets?
What was his role in the Truman presidency?
What policies did he help create?
Describe his early life and why this might have led him and Truman having a strong relationship.
What did Conservative Republicans of the day accuse him of? Why was this different from the truth?
How does NSC-68 reflect Acheson’s views?
What did George Kennan have to say about Acheson’s views and NSC-68?
Explain what was meant when Acheson made his arguments in NSC-68 “Clearer than Truth.” Why did he do this?
State Department

13. National Security council Report 68 (NSC-68)
Outcome
Reasons
Very grim assessment- Two superpowers cannot coexist
Recommends Pres. To initiate massive rebuilding of military
Wrongful belief that Communist revolutions across the world were not indigenous- Moscow pulls the strings
All communists were viewed as “bad”
$13 billion to $50 billion
($115 Billion to $445 Billion)
Cannot rely solely on Nuclear Weapons
Cannot become Isolationist
U.S. must be “World Police Man”
“militarized” Containment, much to Kennan’s disapproval
“Fall” of China forces policymakers to rethink Strategic Doctrine
Sept Soviets explode first atomic bomb
Soviets a “new fanatical faith”
Viewed Soviets were real culprits of disturbances across the world
Video -
Crash Course -
Making Grand Strategy: The Early Cold War Experience in Retrospect
Truman and NSC 68
Carnegie endowment Acheson
Obituarty Nitze-
Dean Acheson biography
Nitze gwu
VOX- How America became a superpower

14. The Korean War
Crash Course
Korean war Fire and Ice
Cnn Cold War

15. Stages of the Korean War
Stage 1-June 25, North Korean forces push pass 38th parallel. June 28th, Seoul falls.
Stage 2- July 5th to 27th, American and South Korean forces retreat south to Pusan. Backs to the sea.
Stage 3- Amphibious invasion of Inchon. American and ROK forces break out from Inchon Perimeter to meet forces north.
Stage 4- Americans Push North Koreans to China border
Stage 5- Chinese and North Koreans push Americans past Seoul
Stage Stalemate. Armistice July 27, 1953
PBS Macarthur-
NPR CIA blindsided by Korea

16. Reading Article Read NPR Article:
“ CIA Files Show U.S. Blindsided By Korean War”
Questions:
What do de-classified memos reveal about the scope of CIA’s
ignorance before the Korean War? What did they fail to
predict?

17. Roots of War- Confusion and Trepidation
Post-war- Soviet troops occupy North of 38th parallel
- U.S. troops occupy South of 38th
U.S. refuse to provide heavy weaponry and training to South Korean Troops. Fear SK strongman- Syngman Rhee would spark conflict
July U.S. Troops begin withdrawal from South Korea
Jan Sec. of State Dean Acheson- omits mention of South Korea in U.S. Defense report
Soviets supply Tanks, Artillery, Planes to North Korea
Kim Il Sung presses Stalin for Permission to Invade south. Stalin Hesitant.
Through espionage- Stalin becomes confident U.S. won’t get involved. Gives Kim Go-head for invasion.
Dean Acheson speech
Macarthur footage
Farewell Speech
Truman sacks MacArthur

18. Document Analysis- Documents:
Speech delivered by Dean Acheson on South East Asia-
Secret Speech on Far East Policy:
What perception does he give American foreign policy/ involvement abroad?
How do you think the communists interpreted this?
Did Dean Acheson’s secret report precipitate the war in
Korea?
Speech -

19. Korean War- From Invasion to Stalemate
U.S. diplomats failed to make clear U.S. would defend South
Korea from Attack
CIA and U.S. military was caught off guard
June to September 1950, U.N. forces pushed to southern tip of Korea
September 15- Dual Attack planned by Gen. Douglas MacArthur
- U.S. and Korean forces push north from Pusan
- U.N. Amphibious Force takes port of Inchon
Confidence increases- MacArthur and Acheson push Truman to support invasion to Korean-Chinese Border
Truman is Hesitant, gives support
Nov Chinese invade with 300,000 soldiers, push U.N. forces past 38th parallel

20. Truman’s Perception:
For Truman, the invasion of South Korea was a Soviet-engineered assault- similar to Hitler’s invasion of Czechoslovakia and Austria
Believed this was Soviet test on U.S. commitment to “Containment”
June 27, Asked U.N. security council to send a security force
U.S.-led international force is sent to stop North Koreans
U.S. made up 88% of U.N. Force
John Dullus Speech

21. Douglas Macarthur- “American Caesar” a.K.A. America’s God of War
Most successful strategist in American Military
History
Critics called him Eccentric, Flamboyant, Wreck less, and
arrogant
52-year military career- combat in WW1, WW2, and
Korean War
Accomplished scholar and athlete- 3rd highest score in West Point history
Super-intendant of West Point
Army Chief of Staff
Military advisor to Philippine Islands
Supreme American Commander of the Far-East
Main architect of “Island-Hopping” Strategy
Led occupation force of Japan
Supreme U.N. Commander , Korean War
Video Footage Truman Dismisses
MAin MacArthur video- Council on Foreign Relations-
Sacking of Stanley McChrystal
CBS-
NY Times-
Biograhy.com
Do Not Need To Copy

22. Macarthur- “Old Soldiers Never Die”
After Nov.1950 retreat, MacArthur asks Truman for permission to bomb targets inside China, even to provide Nuclear option if necessary
Truman refuses
MacArthur publicly criticizes president, delivers veiled threat to the Chinese, he is removed from his duty- April 11, 1951
Public is divided-MacArthur was extremely popular, 66% opposed Truman’s decision
Delivers Farewell speech to joint session of congress, tours country- parades in San Francisco and New York

23. Old Soldiers Never Die Read and Watch the clip of MacArthur’s speech:
How does this heighten people’s opinion and dislike of government’s handling of the war?
Who does history determine to be correct? Truman or MacArthur?
Newsreel -

24. “Old Soldiers never Die” and Consequences of the Korean War
Firing of MacArthur revealed confusion of a changing world and debate around how to confront it
Korea was a “limited war,” Truman and leading thinkers said was the new normal for the Cold War and a new strategy was called for
MacArthur was trained in doctrine of “Total War”
Truman wanted a compromise/ MacArthur wanted to defeat the enemy.
Belief “No Substitute for Victory”
Belief was that real battlefield was Europe, so U.S. should not get bogged down
Gen. Omar Bradley believed MacArthur’s way of thinking would get us involved in the “wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong time with the wrong enemy.”

25. Consequences of Korean War
War turned to stalemate,
Nearly 37,000 Americans dead, 103, 284 wounded
Escalation of defense spending
Re-armament brings a lot of job opportunities at home
Federal expenditures and tax incentives expands industrial output
Speeds up desegregation process
Increasing use of Presidential powers
Public perception and fear of increasing governmental power increases
No victory, stalemate increases perception of communist subversion at home

26. The Politics of Fear: The Second Red Scare
Loyalty Review Board (1947) investigated federal employees to determine if they were communists
Dennis v. US (1951) Supreme Court upheld convictions of communists in 1948 under the Smith Act (1940) for advocating overthrow of government.
HUAC – House Committee on Un-American Activities (1947)
Searched for communist influences in US
Blacklists – actors, etc had careers ruined
The “Hollywood Ten” Writers and Directors were arrested for refusing to answer Committee’s questions
Alger Hiss Case
Led by Richard Nixon, he convicted Hiss, of being a spy
Was a famous case – Nixon used “pumpkin papers” to convict him
Established Nixon as major national figure
Alger hiss-
Holly Wood Ten -
The Blacklist-
Trumbo PBS Doc- 6 minutes in
CIA
PBS-
British Pathe -
McCarthyism-
McCarthy Downfall
Dennis vs. U.S.

27. The New “Red Scare”
Korean War intensified fear of Soviet Subversion at home
Anti-communists believed Democratic system and freedoms of speech, assembly, and expression left America open for deception from communist agents
Key questions emerged in Congress, Academia, and society-
- How do you define loyalty?
- How to distinguish between legitimate
disagreement vs. subversion?
Republican Politicians and some Anti-communist Liberals used fear of communism to challenge President’s and liberals’ domestic and foreign policies.
Secrets of War- Atomic Spies
The “Big Lie”
Communism: A 1952 Anti Soviet Propaganda Short Film From The Cold War Era

28. Red Scare Assignment
Determine If Alger Hiss was guilty of Espionage on behalf of the Soviets.
Identify the key
characters
The Defense (Alger Hiss)
The Prosecution
Key Supporters of Hiss:
Key witnesses against Hiss:
Facts Supporting Hiss’ Case:
Facts Supporting the Prosecution:
Final Opinion of Hiss and the Defense’s Case:
Final Opinion and the Prosecution’s Case:

29. Culture of Fear–The FBI and McCarthyism
Trial of Alger Hiss (Diplomat) 1948, Capture of Klaus Fuchs(1950), conviction and execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg ( )
Internal Security Act of communists and communist organizations must register with government
- Gave government powers to place suspected groups
in concentration camps if war occurred
Government kept secret files on Americans
FBI chief J.Edgar Hoover used fear to expand his power
FBI increased from 3,559 to 7,029 agents between 1947 to 1952
Agents violated civil rights- harassed people and leaked misleading information to media and spread rumors
Nat-Geo: Secrets of J. Edgar- 8 min

30. Culture of Fear
Hunt for communism turned into a witch hunt and some began to resist its efforts
- Conservative politicians used public fear to attack regulatory gov’t agencies
- Civic groups saw decline in membership and less signed petitions- fear of
association drove people away
Government employees and contractors must take loyalty oath- subject to background checks and “morals” test.
During the program’s peak between 1947 and 1956, more than five million federal workers underwent loyalty screening, resulting in an estimated 2,700 dismissals and 12,000 resignations.
Libraries purged controversial books
Professors in colleges required to take loyalty oath – subject to harassment if they taught anything “controversial”
Films, Comics, T.V. programs, Radio programs promoted dark stereotype of Soviets and menace of soviet espionage

31. Joseph McCarthy Republican Wisconsin Senator
From poor family- hard-working and deeply intelligent
War-time intelligence officer- fabricated war-record to get elected
Worked on side of corporations- fought against Truman’s domestic issues
Known for distorting facts, manipulating evidence and holding political disagreements as personal attacks
Emerged as most powerful and frightening force in post-war communist hysteria
Claimed to have list of communists in government
The Real American Joe Doc-
Joseph McCarthy

32. Read the Washington Post Article about Roy Cohn.

33. Invasion of the Body Snatchers
Film Analysis
Invasion of the Body Snatchers
While watching, make a list of situations, events, dialogue that promote the idea:
A. The film is about the fears of
Communism and Anti-Communist
B. The film is about McCarthyism and a
critique of the Red Scare of the 1950s
Turner Classic Movies -

34. CNN Cold War- REDS Watch CNN Documentary and complete worksheet

35. http://userpages. umbc
Cold War Filmography