1. Population Dynamics, Carrying Capacity, and Conservation Biology
G. Tyler Miller’s
Living in the Environment
13th Edition
Chapter 9
Dr. Richard Clements
Chattanooga State Technical Community College

2. Population Dynamics and Carrying Capacity
Zero population growth (ZPG)
Biotic potential (intrinsic rat of increase [r])
Environmental resistance
Carrying capacity
Minimum viable population (MVP)

3. Population Dispersion
Fig. 9-2 p. 191

4. Factors Affecting Population Size
Fig. 9-3 p. 192

5. Exponential and Logistic Growth
Fig. 9-4 p. 192
Fig. 9-5 p. 193
Fig. 9-6 p. 193

6. Population Density Effects
Density-independent controls
Density-dependent controls

7. Natural Population Curves
Fig. 9-7 p. 194

8. The Role of Predation in Controlling Population Size
Predator-prey cycles
Top-down control
Bottom-up control
Fig. 9-8 p. 195

9. Reproductive Patterns and Survival
Asexual reproduction
r-selected species
Sexual reproduction
K-selected species
Fig p. 196

10. Survivorship Curves
Fig p. 198

11. Conservation Biology: Sustaining Wildlife Populations
Investigate human impacts on biodiversity
Ideas for maintaining biodiversity
Endangered species management
Wildlife reserves and ecological restoration
Ecological economics
Environmental ethics
Wildlife management

12. Human Impacts on Ecosystems
Habitat degradation and fragmentation
Ecosystem simplification
Genetic resistance
Predator elimination
Introduction of non-native species
Overharvesting renewable resources
Interference with ecological systems

13. Learning from Nature Interdependence Diversity Resilience Adaptability
See Connections p. 200
Adaptability
Unpredictability
Limits

14. The Human Population: Growth, Demography, and Carrying Capacity
G. Tyler Miller’s
Living in the Environment
13th Edition
Chapter 12
Dr. Richard Clements
Chattanooga State Technical Community College

15. Factors Affecting Human Population Size
Population change equation
Population
Change =
(Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)
Zero population growth (ZPG)
Crude birth rate (BR)
Crude death rate (DR)
Refer to Fig p. 255

16. Natural Rate of Increase
<1%
1-1.9%
2-2.9%
3+%
Data not
available
Annual world
population growth
Fig p. 256

17. Fertility Rates Replacement-level fertility Total fertility rate (TFR)
Births per woman
< 2
2-2.9
3-3.9
4-4.9 5+ No
Data
Fig p. 258

18. Factors Affecting BR and TFR
See bulleted list in text p. 259
US BR’s and TFR’s
Fig p. 259;
see Fig p. 259 32 30 28 26
Births per thousand population 24 22 20 18
End of World War II 16
Demographic
transition 14
Depression
Baby boom
Baby bust
Echo baby boom
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year

19. Factors Affecting DR Life expectancy Infant mortality rate (IMR)
Infant deaths
per 1,000 live births
<10
<10-35
<36-70
<71-100
<100+
Data not
available
Fig p. 262

20. Factors Affecting Natural Rate of Increase
Rate of natural increase = crude birth rate – crude death rate
Developing Countries
Developed Countries 50 50
Crude
birth rate 40 40
Rate of
natural increase
Rate of
natural
increase
Rate per 1,000 people
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning 30 30
Crude
birth rate
Crude
death rate 20 20
Crude
death rate 10 10
1800
2000
1775
1800
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
1775
1850
1900
1950
2050
Year
Fig p. 262

21. Population Age Structure
Fig
p. 263
Ages 0-14
Ages 15-44
Ages
Rapid Growth
Guatemala
Nigeria
Saudi Arabia
Slow Growth
United States
Australia
Canada
Male
Female
Zero Growth
Spain
Austria
Greece
Negative Growth
Germany
Bulgaria
Sweden

22. Solutions: Influencing Population Size
Migration
Environmental refugees
Reducing births
Family planning
Empowerment of women
Economic rewards and penalties

23. The Demographic Transition
Low
High
Relative population size
(number per 1,000 per year)
Birth rate and death rate 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Stage 1
Preindustrial
Stage 2
Transindustrial
Stage 3
Industrial
Stage 4
Postindustrial
growth rate
Increasing Growth
Very high
Decreasing
Zero
Negative
Birth rate
Total population
Death rate
Time
Fig p. 269

24. Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in India
Generally disappointing results:
Poor planning
Bureaucratic inefficiency
Low status of women
Extreme poverty
Lack of support

25. Case Study: Slowing Population Growth in China
Generally positive results:
Economic incentives
Free medical care
Preferential treatment
Intrusive and coercive
Locally administered

26. Cutting Global Population Growth
Family planning
Reduce poverty
Elevate the status of women