1. Munir Ghatraibeh, MD, PhD, MHPE. July, 2015 munirgharaib@gmail.com
General Anesthesia
Munir Ghatraibeh, MD, PhD, MHPE.
July, 2015

2. Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE
General Anesthesia
Definition of GA:
Analgesia +Amnesia+ Loss of consciousness+/- Muscle relaxation.
Types of GA Drugs:
Intravenous.
Inhalational.
Premedication:
Drugs given before GA to reduce anxiety, reduce secretions, and decrease side effects of anesthetic drugs.
Stages of GA:
Induction
Maintenance.
Recovery or emergence.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

3. Intravenous Anesthetics
Usually used for induction, but can be used for maintenance of short procedures.
Thiopentone.
Diazepam.
Propofol.
Ketamine.
Fentanyl.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

4. Chemical structures of intravenous anesthetics
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

5. Intravenous Anesthetics
Thiopentone:
Acts immediately (20 econds).
Lasts for 5-10 minutes.
Rapid access to the brain, then distributes out to other tissues.
Action terminated by redistribution from the brain.
Metabolized slowly in the body.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

6. Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE
 Redistribution of thiopental after an intravenous bolus administration.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

7. Intravenous Anesthetics
Benzodiazepines:
Diazepam ”Valium”
Lorazepam.
Midazolam.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

8. Intravenous Anesthetics
Propofol.
Very rapidly metabolized.
Given by continuous slow IV infusion.
Used for short procedures, and for sedation of patients in ICU.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

9. Intravenous Anesthetics
Ketamine:
IM.
Good for children or in ambulatory conditions.
Causes “Dissociative Anesthesia”:
Patient remains half awake, can move, free of pain, unaware, muscle tone maintained, BP maintained or elevated.
Causes nightmares and hallucinations: keep in a dark room.
Fentanyl.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

10. Inhalational Anesthetics
Nitrous Oxide.
Ether.
Halothane
Enflurane.
Isoflurane.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

11. Chemical structures of inhaled anesthetics.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

12. Inhalational Anesthetics
Nitrous Oxide:
Laughing gas, 1700s.
Weak anesthetic, so combined with others.
Used for induction.
Can be used alone, powerful analgesic, in dentistry and labor.
Ether:
Historic, 1840.
Cheap, potent, safe, complete anesthetic.
Very slow in induction and emergence.
Unpleasant smell and is explosive.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

13. Inhalational Anesthetics
Halothane (1960):
Volatile liquid.
Cardiorespiratory depressant.
Hepatotoxic.
Enflurane.
Isoflurane.
Methoxyflurane.
Desflurane.
Sevoflurane.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

14. Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE
Local Anesthesia
Block conduction along nerves, mainly carrying pain sensation.
In sufficient concentration, produce complete sensory and motor blockade.
Pain is conducted through fine unmyelinated nerve fibers, so easily blocked with small doses or low concentrations.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

15. Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE
Local Anesthesia
Methods of Administration:
Direct application to skin or mucus membranes.
Intradermal injection.
Local infiltration.
Local nerve block.
Extradural (Epidural) injection.
Subarachnoid (Spinal Block).
Intravenous injection.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

16. Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

17. Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE
Local Anesthesia
Lidocaine ( Lignocane or Xylocaine):
Most commonly used LA, also antiarrhythmic.
Rapid onset.
Duration 1-2 hours.
Vasodilator, so usually combined with a vasoconstrictor (epinephrine) to reduce absorption and prolong the action.
Various concentrations.
Overdose: Tinnitus, Tremor, Restlessness, Convulsions, Cardiac and Respiratory depression.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

18. Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE
Local Anesthesia
Prilocaine:
Longer acting and less toxic.
Used for dental anesthesia.
Bupivacaine:
Longer acting but more toxic.
Suitable for continuous epidural analgesia in labor.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

19. Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE
Local Anesthesia
Cocaine:
First LA, 1860, used for ophthalmic and nose surgery.
Has sympathomometic actions, no need for a vasoconstrictor.
Highly addictive.
Amethocaine Gel:
Used for venipuncture in children, vasodilator.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

20. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Neuromuscular Blockers:
Uses:
Facilitate endotracheal intubation.
To relax muscles in surgery.
To enable easy ventilation of the lungs by machine or hand.
Spasmolytics:
Drugs used to relax spastic muscles.
Directly Acting Drugs:
Drugs used in spastic diseases.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

21. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Neuromuscular Blockers:
Nondepolarizing Drugs (Tubocurarine)
Depolarizing Drugs (Succinylcholine)
Spasmolytics.
Directly Acting Drugs.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

22. Origin of Tubocurarine
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

23. Neuromuscular Blockers
Nondepolarizing(Competitive) Drugs:
Compete with acetylcholine at the nicotinic receptor sites at the NMJ.
Action terminated by Neostigmine.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

24. Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

25. Neuromuscular Blockers
Depolarizing Drugs:
Succinycholine reacts with nicotinic receptors to open the channel and cause depolarization of the motor end plate . Can produce a prolonged “flickering or twitching” of the muscles. This can cause postoperative pain and tenderness of the muscles.
With continued exposure, the membrane becomes desensitized. This may be due to blockade of ion channel, which might be more important than the action of the agonist at the receptor.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

26. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants
Spasmolytics:
Work by blocking reflexes in the spinal cord.
Diazepam: sedating.
Baclofen: less sedating
Directly Acting Drugs:
Dantrolene.
Has direct action on the skeletal muscles.
Used in Malignant Hyperthermia.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

27. Malignant Hyperthermia
Rare heritable disorder triggered by a variety of stimuli, including general anesthetics and neuromuscular blockers.
Patients have a hereditary impairment of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to sequester calcium.
The trigger can cause sudden and prolonged release of calcium, with massive contraction, lactic acidosis, and increased body temperature.
Treatment is by cooling, correcting acidosis, and dantrolene to reduce calcium release.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

28. Malignant Hyperthermia
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE

29. Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE
Botulinum Toxin
Produced by Botulinum bacteria.
Inhibits acetylcholine release.
Food poisoning by this bacteria causes, within hours, diplopia, dysphagia, dysarthria, and dyspnea.
Toxin is used for ophthalmic purposes, local muscle spasms, and in the cosmetic treatment of facial wrinkles around the eyes and mouth, as well as for generalized spastic disorders like cerebral palsy.
September 18
Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE