1. Chapter-2
Classical Encryption
Techniques

2. Symmetric Cipher Model
Basic terminology:
Plaintext: original message to be encrypted
Cipher text: the encrypted message
Enciphering or encryption Algorithm: The process of converting plaintext into cipher text.
Deciphering or decryption Algorithm: The process of converting cipher text to plain text.
Two inputs: a plaintext and a secret key

3. Symmetric Cipher Model

4. Cipher or cryptographic system : a scheme for encryption and decryption
Cryptography: science of studying ciphers
Cryptanalysis: science of studying attacks against cryptographic systems
Cryptology: cryptography + cryptanalysis

5. Ciphers Symmetric cipher: same key used for encryption and decryption
Block cipher: encrypts a block of plaintext at a time (typically 64 or 128 bits)
Stream cipher: encrypts data one bit or one byte at a time
Asymmetric cipher: different keys used for encryption and decryption

6. Symmetric Encryption Mathematically: X = plaintext Y = cipher text
Y = EK(X) or Y = E(K, X)
X = DK(Y) or X = D(K, Y)
X = plaintext
Y = cipher text
K = secret key
E = encryption algorithm
D = decryption algorithm
Both E and D are known to public

7. Asymmetric Cipher
Like Symmetric cipher in Asymmetric cipher technique also we are generating plain text to a cipher but different keys used for encryption and decryption
Asymmetric cipher having two types of Encryption techniques

8. Encryption using Public key of the receiver (Ub) and Decryption using Private key (Rb) of receiver.
Encryption: Ek Ub (X) = Y
Decryption: Dk Rb (Y) = X
Encryption using Private key of the sender (Ra) and Decryption using Public key (Ua) of sender.
Encryption : Ek Ra (X) = Y
Decryption : Ek Ua (Y) = X
Here Public = U
Private = R
Sender = a
Receiver = b

9. Classical Ciphers
Plaintext is viewed as a sequence of elements (e.g., bits or characters)
Substitution cipher: replacing each element of the plaintext with another element.
Transposition (or permutation) cipher: rearranging the order of the elements of the plaintext.
Product cipher: using multiple stages of substitutions and transpositions

10. Substitution Algorithm
Earliest known substitution cipher
Invented by Julius Caesar
Each letter is replaced by the letter three positions further down the alphabet.
Plain: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
Cipher: D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C
Example: Saudi Arabia  VDWGL DUDELD
Key= +3

11. Transposition Algorithm
Transposition cipher techniques basically depend on the given text. It is nothing but rearranging the characters in the given form.
Simple Example for transposition:
Step-1: Plain text: WELCOME TO
WORLD
Step-2: Remove all space characters
WELCOMETOWORLD

12. Step-3: Arrange them in a row as alternate characters each are in subsequent rows.
Step-4: Now write n each row one by one to get cipher text
Step-5: Cipher text:
WLOEOOLECMTWRD W L O E C M T R D

13. Transposition with Key
Step-1: Plain text: WELCOMETOTHEWORLDOFCRYPTOGRAP HY
Step-2: Count number of characters in the plain text. Here it is 28
Step-3: You can arrange them in 4 rows and 7 columns. If there are not exactly use filter characters for unfilled cells.

14. Step-5: Now write a plain text in matrix form
Step-4: Generate the key depends on number of columns, here key length is 7 characters.
Example key:
Step-5: Now write a plain text in matrix form
Key 3 6 1 5 4 7 2 W E L C O M T R D F Y P G A H
Plain
text

15. Step-6: According to ascending order of key write column wise characters. Here 1 in a key is 3rd column so write 3rd column characters first (LWCR), 2 in a key is 7th column so write 7th column characters next (EDTY) and so on……
Finally the formed cipher text will be as follows
LWCREDTYWTOOORYPCORAEOFGMLP H

16. Product Cipher
Combination of two or more cipher techniques is called product cipher. The product cipher definitely increase security aspect.
Example: First we apply substitution technique on the plain text. On that cipher text we apply the Transposition technique or wise versa.

17. AES(Advanced Encryption Standard)
AES is  developed by two Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen
AES is based on a design principle known as a substitution-permutation network, combination of both substitution and permutation, and is fast in both software and hardware.

18. AES(Advanced Encryption Standard)
Rounds
SubBytes—a non-linear substitution step where each byte is replaced with another according to a lookup table.
ShiftRows—a transposition step where the last three rows of the state are shifted cyclically a certain number of steps.
MixColumns—a mixing operation which operates on the columns of the state, combining the four bytes in each column.
AddRoundKey

19. AES(Advanced Encryption Standard)