1. Ch 27 The Reproductive System continued … part-b
20 Slides

2. III. Female Reproductive Anatomy A. Parts
1. Ovaries: female gonads
*Produce:
*Secrete:
Uterine tube
Anterior View
Ovary
2. Accessory Ducts
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Uterus
Vagina
Medial View of Sagital Cut

3. B. Ovaries (2-3 cm long) 1. *Cortex: *ovarian follicles: *Oocytes:
- eventually become what?
2. Medulla: with large blood vessels and nerves
Oocyte
Cortex
Ovarian blood vessels
Ovarian Follicles
Germinal
epithelium
Medulla

4. C. Uterine Tubes (fallopian tubes or oviducts)
1. Isthmus: constricted region where tube joins uterus
2. *Ampulla—define
Usual site of fertilization
*Infundibulum– define
*Fibriae—define
- Function?
Ampulla
Isthmus
Uterine
tube
Infundibulum
Fimbriae

5. B. Uterine Tubes (fallopian tubes or oviducts) …
4. Oviduct lining = Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with some cells with microvilli instead of cilia.
5. Moving Egg: Cilia and peristalsis move oocyte to uterus, non-ciliated cells nourish oocyte + sperm
Uterine
tube
Isthmus
Ampulla
Infundibulum
Fimbriae

6. C. Uterus 1. Regions = fundus, body, isthmus (neck), cervix
2. Cervix: narrow outlet/inlet; projects into vagina
Cervical canal bounded by two openings
With mucus glands to prevent bacteria  uterus
Become less viscous mid-cycle for sperm
Fundus
of uterus
Body of uterus
Isthmus
Internal os
Cervix
Cervical canal
External os
Vagina

7. a) Perimetrium: connective layer
3. Uterine Wall
a) Perimetrium: connective layer
b) Myometrium: interlacing layers of smooth muscle
c) Endometrium: mucosal lining; two layers
i) Stratum functionalis
Responds to ovary hormone
Shed during menstruation
ii) Stratum basalis
Forms new functionalis
Endometrium
Wall of uterus
Myometrium
Perimetrium
Lumen of uterus
Capillaries
Spiral (coiled) artery
Straight artery
Smooth muscle fibers

8. D. Vagina = birth canal + organ of copulation
Between bladder and rectum from cervix to exterior
** READ **
Layers of wall
Connective Tissue
Smooth muscle muscularis
Stratified squamous mucosa with rugae
Hymen: incomplete partition near vaginal orifice
Acidity: pH =
Posterior fornix
Anterior fornix
Vaginal Orifice
Vagina

9. E. External Genitalia (Vulva or Pudendum)
** READ ON YOUR OWN **
Dashed border = perineum
Mons pubis: fatty area overlying pubic symphysis
Labia majora: hair-covered, fatty skin folds
Labia minora: inner skin folds
Vestibule: recess b/n labia minora with openings for urethra and vagina
Greater vestibular glands
release mucus for lubrication
Clitoris - erectile tissue
Glans clitoris = exposed portion
Opening of vestibular glands

10. F. Mammary Glands ** Read on your own **
Areola:
Suspensory ligaments:
Lobules w/n lobes & Path of Milk
First rib
Pectoralis major muscle
Suspensory ligament
Lobe
Areola
Nipple
Lactiferous sinus
Lactiferous duct
Lobule containing
alveoli
Hypodermis
(superficial fascia)
Intercostal muscles

11. IV. Physiology of the Female Reproductive System
Introduction
Oogenesis
7 Million potential eggs at birth are in growth area called-- Follicle
¼ Million left by puberty
500 will ovulate during lifetime
Ovarian Cycle: Events associated with the maturation of an egg
Occurs Monthly
Uterine Cycle: Series of cyclic changes that the uterus undergoes each month
DO SLIDE # ST: for slides

12. A. Oogenesis = production of female gametes
1. Fetus
Oogonia (2n ovarian stem cells) multiply and store nutrients
Primary oocytes develop in primordial follicles
Primary oocytes begin meiosis but do not finish
2. Infancy and
Childhood:
ovary is inactive and
produces very low
Estrogen
low levels inhibit
release of GnRH
3. Puberty
Hypothalamus releases GnRH (Day 1)
i) Pituitary hormones LH and FSH are then released and a few primary oocytes starts up their development
ii) Puberty Only If adequate fat present (produces Leptin). ↑ Leptin stops estrogen inhibition of hypoth.
Meiotic events
Follicle development
in ovary
Before birth
Oogonium (stem cell)
Mitosis
Follicle cells
Oocyte
Primary oocyte
Infancy and
childhood)
Primary oocyte
(arrested in prophase I;
present at birth)
Primordial follicle
At Puberty
Each month from
puberty to
menopause

13. Follicle secretes estrogen  LH and FSH surge
A. Oogenesis …
b) Strongest Secondary Oocyte stops Meiosis before completely finished (others degenerate)
Follicle secretes estrogen
 LH and FSH surge
c) Ovulation: on Day 14 oocyte released to oviduct
if fertilization occurs, meiosis finishes to create One large Ovum which has received all the cytoplasm from Meiosis
If no fertilization, it dies
d) Summary: one functional Oocyte +Two polar bodies are created
Meiotic events
Before birth
Oogonium (stem cell)
Mitosis
Primary oocyte
Growth
Infancy and
childhood
(ovary inactive)
Primary oocyte
(arrested in Meiosis I;
present at birth)
Each month from
puberty
Primary oocyte (still
arrested in Meiosis I)
Meiosis I (completed
by 1 primary oocyte in response to LH surge)
Secondary oocyte (arrested in Meiosis II)
First polar body
Ovulation
Meiosis II completed (only if sperm penetration occurs)
Polar bodies
(all polar bodies
degenerate)
Ovum
Second
polar body

14. B. Ovarian Cycle Introduction
Monthly series of events = maturation of an egg
Two consecutive phases (in a 28-day cycle)
Follicular phase = follicle growth (days 1–14)
Ovulation occurs midcycle
Luteal phase = corpus luteum activity (days 14–28)
Theca folliculi 3 4 2
Primary oocyte 1
Zona pellucida
Antrum
Secondary
oocyte 5 8 6
Secondary oocyte 7
Corona radiata

15. 1. Follicular Phase (day 1-14 give or take)
Primordial follicle w/ Primary Oocyte becomes primary follicle
a) Primordial follicle w/ a Primary Oocyte is activated by FSH
Squamous-like cells become thicker
Follicle enlarges and becomes a
b) Primary (1) follicle
With cuboidal (single layer) 1
Primordial
follicles
Primary
follicle 2

16. Follicular Phase (days 1-14 or so) …
2° follicle 3
c) 2° (secondary) follicle then develops
Stratified epithelium (granulosa cells) forms around oocyte
Granulosa cells and oocyte guide one another’s development
Primary Oocyte stalled in Meiosis
Connective tissue, theca folliculi, and granulosa cells cooperate to produce estrogens
Zona pellucida (transparent glycoprotein layer) forms around oocyte
Fluid accumulates b/n granulosa cells
late 2° follicle

17. d) Vesicular (Graafian) follicle
Follicular Phase …
d) Vesicular (Graafian) follicle
Antrum (fluid-filled space) forms, isolates oocyte with corona radiata (capsule of granulosa cells)
which are on a stalk
Vesicular follicle bulges from external surface of ovary
Produces estrogen
1° oocyte begins to complete meiosis  5
Mature vesicular
follicle carries out
meiosis I; ready to
be ovulated

18. 2. Ovulation
a) Just before Ovulation, Primary Oocyte becomes a Secondary Oocyte
But still does not complete Meiosis
b) Ovary wall ruptures, expels 2°oocyte with
Corona Radiata
Triggered by LH surge
Theca folliculi 3 4 2
Primary oocyte 1
Zona pellucida
Antrum
Secondary
oocyte 5 6
Follicle ruptures;
secondary oocyte
ovulated 8 6
Secondary oocyte 7
Corona radiata

19. a) Ruptured follicle collapses
3. Luteal Phase
a) Ruptured follicle collapses
b) Granulosa cells + internal thecal cells = Corpus Luteum
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen to maintain uterine lining until placenta develops
c) If no fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates into corpus albicans (scar tissue) in 10 days (no more estrogen & Prog.)
The lack of estrogen and
progesterone causes the
endometrium to begin eroding
Theca folliculi 3 4 2
Primary oocyte 1
Zona pellucida
Antrum
Secondary
oocyte 5 7
Corpus luteum
(forms from
ruptured follicle) 8 6
Secondary oocyte 7
Corona radiata

20. Lives about 24 hours after ovulation
3. Luteal Phase …
d) If fertilization occurs, the secondary oocytes completes meiosis to become a mature Ovum = Egg
Lives about 24 hours after ovulation
e) Embryo will implant causing Pregnancy
The corpus luteum produces hormones until placenta takes over at ~ 3 months
Theca folliculi 3 4 2
Primary oocyte 1
Zona pellucida
Antrum
Secondary
oocyte 5 7
Corpus luteum
(forms from
ruptured follicle) 8 6
Secondary oocyte 7
Corona radiata

21. D. Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle = cyclic changes to endometrium Ovarian Cycle consistent w/ Uterine Cycle– menstrual cycle Both start on Day 1 LH
FSH
Estrogens
Progesterone
Endometrium
Menstrual
flow
Menstrual
phase
Proliferative
phase
Secretory phase
Figure 27.20a

22. D. Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle …
Three phases
Days 1–5: menstrual phase – low hormone levels stratum functionalis is shed
Days 6–14: proliferative (preovulatory) phase – estrogen ↑, new functional layer develops (w/ progesterone receptors)
Days 15–28: secretory (postovulatory) phase – progesterone ↑ = glands secrete glycogen, mucus plug reforms (endometrium prepared for implantation)
If no pregnancy, cycle begins again
Endometrial glands
Spiral Arteries
Menstrual Flow = shed stratum functionalis
Functional layer
Basal layer
Days
Menstrual
phase
Proliferative
phase
Secretory
phase

23. E. Effects of Sex Hormones ** Read On Your Own ** 1. Effects of Estrogens
Promote oogenesis and follicle growth
Maturation of female reproductive tract/breasts
Induce 2°sex characters – widened, lightened pelvis; subcutaneous fat deposits of
hips/breasts
Support growth spurt at puberty
Enhances Ca2+ uptake
2. Effects of Progesterone
Works w/ estrogen to regulate
uterine cycle
During Pregnancy: placental progesterone
Inhibits uterine motility
Helps prepare breasts for lactation

24. F. Female Sexual Response ** READ **
Clitoris, vaginal mucosa, and breasts engorge with blood (sensitive like head of penis)
Vestibular gland lubricates vestibule
Orgasm occurs, but not required for conception;
Function

25. V. Health Issues 1. Breast Cancer
13% of U.S. women get it, most common malignancy, 2nd among cancer deaths
Usually arises from epithelial cells of small ducts
Risk factors include:
Early onset of menstruation/late menopause
No pregnancies or first pregnancy late in life
Family history of breast cancer
10% due to hereditary defects, mutations to specific genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2 especially)
Still 70% of cases have no known risk factors
(a) Mammogram procedure
Malignancy
(b) Film of normal breast
(c) Film of breast with tumor

26. 2. Menopause ** READ **
= Menses cease for entire year and no more ovulation: WHY? > 55 pregnancy is much more dangerous
No equivalent in males
Declining estrogen levels 
Atrophy: of reproductive organs/breasts
Mood: Irritability and depression in some
Blood Vessels: Hot flashes as skin blood vessels undergo intense vasodilation
Loss of cells: Gradual thinning of skin and bone loss
Increased cholesterol levels/falling HDL

27. VI. Embryological and Fetal Events
Genetic Sex: Initially determined by Chromosome pair #23
Has genes that produce ovaries or testes
At week 5 fetus gender still not determined and further development will depend on the levels of testosterone
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES– 1) Psuedohermaphrodites
2) Adrenal Gland Tumor in mother masculinizes fetus etc …

28. Sexual Differentiation of Reproductive System and Brain depend on levels of Testosterone
Adequate Testosterone  Male sex organs and masculinized brain; is not enough testosterone female automatically develops even if testes are present
No or very low testosterone  Female develops automatic

29. END

30. Review Questions All follicles are found in the ________ of the ovary.
The stratum __________ of the __________ is shed during menstruation.
The ________ of the infundibulum is responsible for ‘catching’ the oocyte during ___________.
cortex
functionalis
endometrium
fimbriae
ovulation

31. Participate
The development of a true ____ does not occur unless fertilization occurs.
A primary follicle is surrounded by a layer of simple ________ cells.
A __________ follicle is distinguished by an ______ and the corona _______.
Ruptured follicles become the _______ _________ during the luteal phase.
ova
cuboidal
vesicular
antrum
radiata
corpus luteum

32. Review Questions
_____ from the hypothalmus controls the release of ____ that stimulates follicle growth and ___ that induces the thecal cells to produce ___________.
After initially inhibiting the hypothalamus and pituitary, ________ exerts a positive feedback effect that triggers a surge in ___ that leads to __________.
GnRH
FSH LH
androgens
estrogen LH
ovulation

33. Mitosis vs. Meiosis Figure 27.5 (1 of 2) Mother cell
(before chromosome replication)
Chromosome
replication
Chromosome
replication
2n = 4
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Replicated
chromosome
Tetrad formed by
synapsis of replicated
homologous
chromosomes
Prophase
Prophase I
Chromosomes
align at the
metaphase plate
Metaphase I
Tetrads align at the
metaphase plate
Metaphase
Sister chromatids
separate during
anaphase
Homologous chromosomes
separate but sister
chromatids remain together
during anaphase I
Daughter
cells of
mitosis
Daughter cells
of meiosis I 2n 2n
No further chromosomal
replication; sister chromatids
separate during
anaphase II
Meiosis II n n n n
Daughter cells of meiosis II
(usually gametes)
Figure 27.5 (1 of 2)