1. Nosocomial Infections
Ass.Prof. Dr. Wijdan Akram
Community Medicine Consultant

3. These infections occur:
up to 48 hours after hospital admission
up to 3 days after discharge
up to 30 days after an operation
in a healthcare facility when a patient was admitted for reasons other than the infection

12. Types of Nosocomial Infections

13. Mode of transmission

18. What Causes Nosocomial Infections?
Nosocomial infections are caused by pathogens that easily spread through the body.
Many hospital patients have compromised immune systems, so they are less able to fight off infections. In some cases, patients develop infections due to *poor conditions at a hospital or a healthcare facility, or due to *hospital staff not following proper procedures.
Some patients acquire nosocomial infections by *interacting with other patients. Others* encounter bacteria, fungi, parasites, or viruses in their hospital environment.

19. Who Is at Risk for Nosocomial Infections
Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care Study, up to 20.6 percent of ICU patients acquire nosocomial infections during or after their stay.
On average, nosocomial patients stay in the hospital 2.5 times longer than patients without infection. Patients with highly compromised immune systems are easily infected. This is because their bodies are not able to control the infections on their own

20. What Are the Symptoms of Nosocomial Infections?
Symptoms of nosocomial infections vary by type. They include inflammation, discharge, fever, and abscesses. Patients may experience pain and irritation at the infection site, and many experience visible symptoms.

21. How Are Nosocomial Infections Diagnosed?
Many forms of nosocomial infections can be diagnosed through sight alone. Pus, inflammation, and rashes may all be indications of infection. Blood and urine culture tests can identify the infection.

22. How Are Nosocomial Infections Treated?
Treatments for nosocomial infections depend on the infection type. If the infection occurs at the site of a catheter or other inserted line, the line should be removed immediately.
Antibiotics can combat symptoms of many infections. A healthy diet, fluid intake, and rest can encourage natural healing processes and prevent dehydration.

23. What Is the Outlook for Nosocomial Infections?
Most cases of nosocomial infection are resolved with treatment, but some can be fatal. Early detection and treatment are vital. Under the right conditions, most patients are able to make a full recovery

24. GENERAL PRINCIPLES Good general ward hygiene:. - No overcrowding
GENERAL PRINCIPLES Good general ward hygiene: No overcrowding Good ventilation Regular removal of dust Wound dressing early in day Disposable equipment  HAND WASHING most important Before and after patient contact before invasive procedures

25. Don’t Staff Wash their Hands
Why
Don’t Staff Wash their Hands
(Compliance estimated at less than 50%)
Hand out article and ask participants to get into small groups and select 5 most common reasons they do not was hands from the reasons listed in the article – table 2 and list any other reasons they might think of in their own agencies.
5 – 10 minutes
Discuss each groups list and collate list on white board
Mark off those that repeat – number list in order of most common (1) to least common (2)
Ask for other reasons group have come up with – list on board

26. Why Not? Skin irritation Inaccessible hand washing facilities
Wearing gloves
Too busy
Lack of appropriate staff
Being a physician

27. What to do to decrease NCI:

28. Hand Care

31. SURVEILLANCE DEFINITION
A dynamic process of gathering, managing, analyzing and reporting data on events that occur in a specific population
In surveillance we collect the data just about the problem itself , and not about it’s causes.
If we are insisted in the causes of the problem we collect the data for this purpose in a separate study , however data of surveillance system may help us in conducting the study. (note that for defining the risk factors of a problem we must collect the same data from the population without that problem – the comparison group- ).

33. OBJECTIVES OF THE SURVEILLANCE
Reducing the infection rate within a hospital.
Establishing baseline rates.
Identifying outbreaks.
Comparing infection rates among hospitals.

34. FIVE COMPONENTS OF SURVEILLANCE
Case Definition: Define the health problem to be surveyed as precisely as possible.
Data Collection: Systematic and valid.
Data Presentation in a useful manner.
Data Analysis and interpretation.
Feed Back to bring about the change in causative factors.

37. FEEDBACK
“Surveillance is not complete until the results are disseminated to those who use it to prevent and control”

45. COST-EFFECTIVE CONTROL
Reducing incidence
Reduce morbidity
Shorten hospital stay
Reduce cost of treating infections
Reduce cost of preventive measures
measures