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9 Linux on the Desktop
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Learning Outcomes Describe Linux and its origins and list benefits and drawbacks Select, acquire, and install a distribution of Linux for the desktop Identify certain features and utilities in a Linux GUI for customizing it and performing common tasks Demonstrate the use of shell commands to accomplish common tasks Secure a Linux desktop by creating user accounts, assigning passwords, and applying file and folder permissions
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Linux Overview LO 9.1
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Why Learn Linux? Qualifying for a Job Improving Your Skills
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Why Learn Linux? Year Event 1970s
Ken Thompson of Bell Labs writes precursor to UNIX 1984 GNU created to develop a free UNIX-like OS 1988 UNIX licensees form the Open System Foundation (OSF) 1991 Linus Torvalds begins writing open-source version of a UNIX-like OS 1994 Many versions of Linux kernels freely available
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Linux Today Open-source movement growing
Supported by many organizations Open-source Apache HTTP Server Written for UNIX Also runs on Linux
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Linux Distributions Include kernel Include bundled programs
Add functionality to Linux Targeted bundled apps Desktop Server
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Benefits of Linux Many distributions are free
Runs well on old computers Fast GUI optional Stable Secure Open source
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The KDE GUI Figure 9-1 The KDE GUI in a Fedora installation.
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The Unity GUI Figure 9-2 The Unity GUI in an Ubuntu installation.
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Drawbacks of Linux Lack of Centralized Support
Choice of GUIs is confusing Limited software selection Limited hardware support Complexity
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Finding Software for Linux
Figure 9-3 The Ubuntu Software Center
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Linux on Your Desktop LO 9.2
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Acquiring Linux for the Desktop
Many distributions available Select one that matches your needs Example of needs: GUI desktop Quick and easy setup Included software bundle Live image Ubuntu or Fedora
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Installing Linux for the Desktop
Connect to distribution site and download Save the ISO file Create a bootable disc Test the disc by rebooting Install on physical PC or virtual machine
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Update Linux after Installation
Linux distributions can have many updates Updating is time-consuming
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Exploring a Linux GUI LO 9.3
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Logging In to Ubuntu Linux
Figure 9-4 Log in to the Linux GUI.
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The Ubuntu Unity Desktop
The Ubuntu Desktop bar displays at the top of the screen in the Unity GUI. Move the cursor to the Desktop bar to show the menus.
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Ubuntu Unity Launcher Figure 9-5 The Launcher with icons labeled.
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Searching in the Ubuntu Unity Desktop
Figure 9-6 The Dash search utility displays recently used apps and files when it opens.
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Browse Directories in the GUI
Every user has a home directory User has full control in home User cannot make changes in other directories Path describes location of file or directory First forward slash (/) is the root Subsequent forward slashes separate directories Everything is a file to Linux
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Table 9-1 Linux Default Directories
Directory Purpose or Contents / The top, or root directory of a storage volume /bin Linux commands /boot Files to be loaded during Linux boot up /dev Files that represent physical devices /etc Linux system configuration files /home Home directories for each user /lib Shared libraries for programs and commands to use /mnt Mount points for removable devices /opt Optional (add-on) software packages /proc Current status of processes /root Root account home directory /sbin System commands and binary files /tmp Temporary files /usr Secondary hierarchy /var Several directories containing variable data
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Updating Ubuntu The Update Manager icon appears on the Launcher.
Open the Update Manager and install the updates.
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System Settings Unity’s System Settings window serves the same purpose as Windows’ Control Panel and OS X’s System Preferences.
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Modify the Desktop Right-click empty area of desktop
Select Change Desktop Background Behavior tab controls how Launcher opens Select wallpaper Control Brightness and Lock settings Modify display settings Universal Access for ease of use
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Ending a Linux Session by Logging Out
Open System menu (gear) Select Log Out Figure 9-7 The Ubuntu Unity System menu.
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Switching Users Click User icon The User menu opens Select User
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Shutting Down, Restarting, or Suspending Linux
Open System menu (gear) Select Shut Down
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Linux Command-Line Interface
LO 9.4
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The Terminal Window in Linux
Figure 9-8 A terminal windows in the Ubuntu GUI.
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Linux Shell Command Syntax
Each line begins with a command A space follows the command Options for a command follow Order of options not important Use a space between each option
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Linux Shell Command Syntax (continued)
Precede short options with a hyphen Precede long options with 2 hyphens Combine multiple short options Some commands followed by name of object
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Looking at the Contents of a Directory
Figure 9-9 The ls command showing a simple listing of the current directory. Figure 9-10 The ls -a command showing a listing of all items in the current directory.
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Combining Shell Command Options
Figure 9-11 The ls command using two options (-a and -l) showing a listing of all items in the current directory and the “long” information on each item.
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The Help Manual for a Linux Command
Figure 9-12 Enter the man ls command to see the manual page for the ls command.
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Command-Line History Saved for current session in .bash_history
Scroll through commands and reuse
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Command Completion Type command and press Tab key
Completes file and directory names
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The date and cal Commands
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Linux Feedback A message appears only if a command causes an error.
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Table 9-2 Basic Shell Commands for File Management
Description cd Changes current directory chmod Changes the mode or file permissions cp Copies a file ls Lists directory contents mkdir Makes a directory more Displays a text file, one screenful at a time pwd Prints the working directory rm Deletes indicated file
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Table 9-3 Commonly Used Options for the ls Command
ls Option Description -a Lists all files in the directory, including hidden files. Files are hidden by making the first character a period: .bash_profile -l Displays a long listing of the directory contents with all file attributes and permissions listed -F Classifies the listed objects. Directory names have a / character after the name. -S Sorts the output by size -t Sorts the output by time
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A Listing of the /etc directory
Figure 9-13 A listing of the /etc directory.
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A Listing of the /etc directory with more details
Figure 9-14 A listing of the /etc directory with more details.
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Changing the Current Directory
Figure 9-15 Changing to the /usr/sbin directory.
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Changing to the Home Directory
Figure 9-16 Changing to the Home directory using the tilde (~).
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Where am I? Use the pwd command to display the path to the current directory.
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Relative Path Figure 9-17 Use the command cd .. to move to the parent directory of the current directory (up one level).
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Using Wildcards Figure 9-18 A portion of the results of the command ls [c-d]* when run from the /etc directory.
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Creating Directories Figure 9-19 Use mkdir to create directories and ls to confirm that they were created.
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Copying Files Figure 9-20 Copying the hosts file from the /etc directory to the user’s home directory.
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Securing a Linux Desktop
LO 9.5
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Home Directories Each account has home directory
User’s name assigned to directory User has full control of home directory
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The Linux Root Account All-powerful account
Only used when absolutely necessary Disabled by default Administrator can temporarily use root
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Creating User Accounts in a Linux GUI
User Accounts in System Settings First account create is Administrator type Subsequent can be Administrator or Standard Administrator can create new accounts Temporarily given ability to create accounts Must provide Administrator’s credentials
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Temporarily Using Root Privileges
Administrator-Type User Temporarily takes root account privileges Precede command with sudo (Superuser do) When prompted, enter administrator’s password Root privileges granted for five minutes
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Using Root Privileges to Install Software
Installing the finger daemon.
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Table 9-4 Shell Commands for User Management
Description useradd Adds a user to the system userdel Removes a user from the system passwd Changes a user’s password finger Finds a username
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Creating a User with useradd
Figure 9-21 Create a user with the useradd command. Confirm its creation with the finger command.
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Changing User Passwords
Change own password Enter passwd command alone Provide password Change password for another account Enter sudo passwd <username> Enter new password
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Deleting Users Enter sudo userdel <username>
Delete files in user’s home directory Delete user’s home directory Enter rmdir <directoryname> Enter rm –rf <directory-or-file-name>
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File and Folder Permissions
Figure 9-22 A sample listing showing attributes.
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Table 9-5 Access Mode Numbers
Permission Value Read 4 Write 2 Execute 1
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