1. EFFECT OF WASTE GLASS SAND REPLACEMENT on the properties of mortar and concrete
PROJECT PHASE 1 PRESENTED BY, L.KOKILA, , M.E STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING. GUIDED BY, Ms.B.SHANMUGAVALLI, M.E., ASSISTANT PROFESSOR SENIOR GRADE.

2. CONTENTS Introduction Objective Literature survey Methodology
Material testing
Mix design
Work yet to be done

3. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is most widely used man made construction material and its demand is increasing day by day.
If fine aggregate is replaced by waste glass by specific percentage and in specific size range, it will decrease fine aggregate content and thereby reducing the ill effects of river dredging and thus making concrete manufacturing industry sustainable.
The amount of waste glass produced has gradually increased over the recent years due to an ever growing use of glass products. Most waste glass is being dumped into landfill sites. The land filling of waste glass is undesirable because waste glass is non biodegradable which makes them environmentally less friendly.
This project report presents the experimental investigation carried out to study the effect of use of glass sand as a replacement of fine aggregates.

4. OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effects of waste glass replacement in fine aggregate on the properties of mortar and concrete.
To investigate the experimental study of concrete structures glass sand is partially to a small extent to that of fine aggregate and its compression strength was tested and compared to a conventional concrete.
It was observed that concrete which had 0% - 30% of Glass sand showed increase in compressive strength beyond which the compressive strength started decreasing.

5. LITERATURE SURVEY

6. 1. USING OF WASTE GLASS AS FINE AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE Dr. Haider K
  1.USING OF WASTE GLASS AS FINE AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE Dr. Haider K. Ammash, Muhammed S. * and Ali H. Nahhab.(2009) Al –quadisiya journal for engineering and science Vol2 ,
The present investigation was carried out to study the possibility of using waste glass of size up to 5mm as a fine aggregate in concrete and mortar.
The waste glass was used as a partial weight replacement of sand with percentages of 10, 20, 30 and 40 %. The presence of waste glass in the mixes leads to decrease compressive strength as the percentage of glass is increased. However, up to 20% of substitution, the reduction is not significant.

7. When the waste glass is used, the expansion of mortar bars is higher than those without glass. This volume change is more pronounced as the percentage of substitution is increased. The acceptable expansion has been achieved up to 20% replacement.
Results of the present study indicate that waste windows glass aggregate can be satisfactorily substituted for natural fine aggregate at replacement levels up to 20% with the properties comparable to the control specimens.

8.   Study of Concrete Involving Use of Waste Glass as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates M. Iqbal Malik, Muzafar Bashir and Sajad Ahmad(2013) ISSN, Vol 06, 2013, P.P  
In this paper, the issues of environmental and economic concern are addressed by the use of waste glass as partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete. Fine aggregates were replaced by waste glass powder as 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight for M-25 mix.
Waste glass particles absorbed less water as compared to sand and thus improving the workability of concrete mix. Slump was maximum for the concrete mixture containing 40% waste glass in place of fine aggregates
Compressive strength tests and splitting tensile strength tests were carried out at 7 and 28 days. An increase in compressive strength was observed up to 30% replacement of fine aggregates by waste glass and there after decreasing.

9. The maximum compressive strength measured was 25% more than that of reference mix at 28 days corresponding to concrete mix containing 20% waste glass in place of fine aggregates. Compressive strength for concrete mix with 40% waste glass content was found to be less than that of reference mix.
Water absorption test was carried out for all mixtures and percentage water absorption was measured. The percentage water absorption decreased with increase in waste glass content. The lowest value of water absorption was found for concrete mix with 40% waste glass content
20% replacement of fine aggregates by waste glass showed 15% increase in compressive strength at 7 days and 25% increase in compressive strength at 28 days. Fine aggregates can be replaced by waste glass up to 30% by weight showing 9.8% increase in compressive strength at 28 days.
With increase in waste glass content, average weight decreases by 5% for mixture with 40% waste glass content thus making waste glass concrete light weight.

10. 3. Use of waste glass in cement mortar
Bhandari. P.S AND Tajne. K.M(2013)
ISSN Vol. 3, pp
In this paper, a parametric experimental study for producing mortar blocks using fine and coarse waste glass is presented. Mechanical properties of mortar blocks having various levels of fine glass (FG) and coarse glass (CG) replacements with fine aggregate (FA) are investigated.
The test results show that the replacement of Fine aggregate by Fine Glass at level of 20% by weight has a significant effect on the compressive strength of the mortar blocks as compared with the control sample because of pozzolanic nature of FG. Results indicate pozzolanic reactivity of this waste and open possibilities for the use of this material in mortars

11. 4. Use of glass wastes as fine aggregate in Concrete S. P
4. Use of glass wastes as fine aggregate in Concrete S.P. Gautam, Vikas Srivastava, and V.C. Agarwal(2012) ISSN Vol. 1, pp
The study indicated that waste glass can effectively be used as fine aggregate replacement (up to 40%) without substantial change in strength.
While using waste glass as fine aggregate replacement, 28 d strength is found to marginally increase up to 20% replacement level. Marginal decrease in strength is observed at 30 to 40% replacement level of waste glass with fine aggregate. Waste glass can effectively be used as fine aggregate replacement. The optimum replacement level of waste glass as fine aggregate is 10%.

12. 5.Effects of recycled fine glass aggregates on the properties of dry-mixed concrete blocks Gerry Lee,Chi Sun Poon,Yuk & Lung Wong CONSTRUCTION AND BULIDING MATERIALS 38(2013) pp
The effects of replacement percentages and particle size distribution of recycled fine aggregates(FG) aggregates on the properties of dry-mixed concrete blocks were investigated. The optimum water-cement (W/C) ratio required for each concrete block mixture was determined based on the workability required for the dry-mix concrete.
The required W/C ratio was found to be inversely proportional to the fineness modulus. It is evident that no combination seems to have significant effect on the packing density, while the packing density decreased significantly with the incorporation of the finer glass(D-FG).

13. This means that the structure was become more and more porous as the percentage of D-FG in becoming more and more porous as the percentage of D-FG in the replacement increased. Irrespective of the influence of particle size, increase of FG content in the concrete blocks decreased the hardened density. The reason was that FG had a lower specify gravity than that of sand. Apart from glass content, it is important to note that the hard- end density of all concrete block mixes decreased with decreasing particle size of the FG. An increase in glass content increased the water absorption.
A higher W/C ratio was required for the block mixtures to achieve the same cohesiveness when the fineness modulus of fine aggregates was reduced. The packing density reduced as very fine FA was incorporated due to the uniform particle size distributions.

14. The hardened density of the concrete blocks decreased with the increase in the FA because of the lower specific gravity of FA. The replacements of sand by FG increased the water absorption of dry–mixed concrete blocks. The influence of FG content on water absorption clearly seemed more pronounced when finer FG was used.
Inclusion of the very fine FG increased the compressive strength of concrete blocks due to its pozzolanic reactivity. The effect of water curing was more pronounced for blocks made with the finer FG.

15. Utilization of waste glass as sand replacement in cement mortar Nurhayat Degirmenci , Arin Yimaz & Ozge Andic Cakir(2011) Indian Journal Of Engineering And Materilas Sciences vol 8,pp
In this study, alkali silica reaction (ASR) expansion and strength characteristics of mortar containing waste glasses are analyzed in terms of waste glass content and glass color. Three different colors of waste glasses(White, green and brown)are replaced with sand at ratio of 10%,30%,and 100% by weight.
ASR expansions of the mixture of less than 0.1% are indicative of non-delirious expansion. Considering all of the glass types used in this study, generally there is increasing trend of expansion by increasing amount of WG used in the mixture. White-WG containing mixtures reveal the highest expansion values when compared with the other mixtures having same amount of green or brown-WG

16. This values was between 0. 1% and 0
This values was between 0.1% and 0.2% at 21days and so this expansion is indicative potentially detrimental expansion. As expected the compressive strength increased with curing age. The strength development of the cement mortar containing WG was compared with that of the mortar containing 100% LS sand at the same age. It was observed that with increase of the WG content, the compressive strength of the mortar decreased. Flexural tensile strength of the sample were decreased by increasing WG replacement level, the decrease in strength becomes considerable for 100%WG containing sample. The reduction in flexural strength of samples is generally higher than reduction in compressive strength of same samples that were tested at similar ages.
AMBT test results reveal that the mixtures used in this study did not show a considerable ASR expansion. All batches tested were able to mitigate ASR expansion below 0.1% and therefore according to ASTM ,the expansions were within the permissible limits.

17. The percentage of WG has a rather significant effect on compressive strength. With high replacement percentage of LS sand with WG,the glass containing mortar exhibited lower compressive and flexural strength than those made with 100% LS sand. The decrease in strength becomes considerable for 100% WG containing samples. It is belived that such a decrease in strength is due to the decrease in adhesive strength between the surface of the waste glass and cement paste.
The reduction in flexural strength of samples is generally higher than reduction in compressive strength of the samples. This may be attributed to the change in the interfacial transition zone properties of glass containing mixtures.
The study concluded that up to 30% waste glass replacement of sand, the waste glass containing mortar can achieve improved or equivalent strength glass could be incorporated as fine aggregate replacement in cement mortar.

18. 7. Research into Concrete Blocks with Waste Glass P. Turgut & E. S
7.Research into Concrete Blocks with Waste Glass P. Turgut & E. S. Yahlizade(2009) international journal of civil and environmental engineering.
In this paper, a parametric experimental study for producing paving blocks using fine and coarse waste glass is presented. The test results show that the replacement of FG by FA at level of 20% by weight has a significant effect on the compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and abrasion resistance of the paving blocks as compared with the control sample because of Puzzolanic nature of FG.
The increases in the compressive strength of the paving blocks in the FG replacement levels of 10%, 20% and 30% are 48%, 69% and 31% as compared with the control sample, respectively. In the FG replacement levels of 10%, 20% and 30% the increases in the flexural strength of paving blocks are 22%, 90% and 49% as compared with the control sample, respectively

19. In the case of using 10% FG, there is an increase of 28% in the splitting tensile strength of the paving block sample, while there is an increase of 47% in the splitting tensile strength of paving block sample with 20% FG as compared with the control sample. There is no significant increase in the splitting tensile strength of paving block sample in the FG replacement level of 30% as compared with the control sample.
The FG replacement also reduces the loss of volume on wear of the paving block samples. There is a 15% improvement in the abrasion resistance of the paving block samples with 20% FG replacement. The increases in the compressive strength of paving block samples in the CG replacement levels of 10%, 20% and 30% are 7%, 23% and 34% as compared with the control sample, respectively.
In the CG replacement levels of 10%, 20% and 30% the increases in the flexural strength of paving block samples are 14%, 11% and 15% as compared with the control sample, respectively.

20. In the case of using 10% CG, there is an increase of 11% in the splitting tensile strength of paving block sample, while there are decreases of 3% and 11% in the splitting tensile strength of paving block samples with 20% and 30% CG as compared with the control sample, respectively
The abrasion resistance of the paving block samples is slightly improved in the 10% and 20% CG replacements. In the case of using 30% CG, there is an 18% reduction in the abrasion resistance of the CG-30 sample as compared with the control sample

21. Collection of materials
Methodology
Literature study
Collection of materials
Material testing
For M30
Mix design
Cube, cylinder, beam
Casting of specimens
Water curing and membrane curing
Curing
Testing
Result and discussion
Documentation

22. Work schedule Month JUNE to NOV JAN FEB MARCH & APRIL Week 1 2 3 4
Lit. survey
Collection of materials
Material Testing & mix design
Casting & Curing
Testing
Result
Documentation

23. Collection of materials
WORK DONE
Literature study
Collection of materials
Material testing
Mix design
Mix design
Mix design

24. MATERIAL TESTING

25. Specific gravity of cement
INGREDIENT
SPECIFICATION
REMARK
CEMENT
OPC 53
Specific gravity : 3.15
Standard consistency 31%
Initial setting time 30min. IS IS

26. Specific gravity of sand
INGREDIENT
SPECIFICATION
REMARK
SAND
River sand
Confirming zone II
Specific gravity 2.62
Fineness modulus 2.77 IS

27. Specific gravity of coarse aggregate
INGREDIENT
SPECIFICATION
REMARK
COARSE AGGREGATE
Crushed angular
Specific gravity 2.64
Water absorption 0.19%
Fineness modulus 7.4.
Impact value 16.26 IS

28. MIX DESIGN
(IS )

29. DESIGN DATA: MIX CALCULATION:
Grade Designation = M Type of cement = O.P.C-53 grade Fine Aggregate = Zone-II
Size of Coarse Aggregate = 20 mm
Exposure = Normal
Min cement content = 320kg/m3 ( IS456:2000, table5)
Max cement content = 450kg/m (IS456:2000,cl ) Sp. Gravity Cement = Sp. Gravity Fine Aggregate = Sp. Gravity Coarse Aggregate = 2.75
MIX CALCULATION:
1. Target Mean Strength = 30 + (5 X 1.65) = 38.25MPa

30. 2. SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO From IS , Table5 water cement ratio = 0.5 Choose w/c = CALCULATION OF WATER: From IS , Table2 Max water content = 186 lit / m3 (for 25-50mm slump) Estimated water content=159.6 lit Adopt water content 160lit 4. CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT: - w/c = 0.42 C = 160/0.42 C = 380kg/m3 5. VOLUME OF C.A. & F.A As per IS: ,Table3 Volume of coarse aggregate = 0.62 Volume of fine aggregate = = 0.38

31. MIX CALCULATION:
1. Volume of concrete = 1 m3
2. Volume of cement = Mass/ sp.gravity * 1/1000
= 380/3.15 * 1/1000
= 0.12m3
3. Volume of water = 160/1 * 1/1000
= 0.16 m3
4. Volume of all in aggregate e = a-(b+c)
= 1- ( )
= 0.72 m3
5. Mass of coarse aggregate = e * vol of C.A * sp.gravity of C.A * 1000
= 0.72 * 0.62 * 2.74 * 1000
= kg
6. Mass of coarse aggregate = 0.72* 0.38 * 2.62 * 1000
= 723 kg

32. Hence Mix details per m3 CEMENT = 380 kg WATER = 160 lit FINE AGGREGATE = 723kg COARSE AGGREGATE = 1226kg Mix ratio:
WATER
CEMENT
F.A
C.A
0.42 1
1.87
3.22

33. Casting CURING TESTING RESULT Work yet to be done WATER CURING
CONVENTIONAL CUBE CYLINDER BEAM
GLASS SAND REPLACEMENT VARIED FROM 0% TO 30%
Casting
WATER CURING
CURING
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH,COMPRESSION STRENGTH TEST, FLEXTURE TEST
TESTING
COMPARE THE TEST RESULT
RESULT

34. CONCLUSION
In this project the main objective is to utilize the glass sand as a replacement of fine aggregate in construction industry. The percentage replacements of glass waste varied from 0% to 30% in M30 grade concrete. The vast literature survey was carried out in the phase 1. The properties of concrete making materials and fine glass sand were found from laboratory tests.
The 30 cubes 30 cylinders and 30 beams in total are to be cast in the phase II periods. Comparison is to be done between the conventional and replaced concrete in terms of mechanical properties such as compression and flexural strength and splitting tensile strength.

35. REFERENCES
IS: – Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
Dr. Haider K. Ammash, Muhammed S. Muhammed & Ali H. Nahhab in Civil Engineering,Using of waste glass as fine aggregate in concrete,Vol - 2:2009.
M. Iqbal Malik, Muzafar Bashir, Sajad Ahmad, Tabish Tariq, Umar Chowdhary Study of Concrete Involving Use of Waste Glass as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates,Vol 3: July 2013
Bhandari. P.S1, Tajne. K.M2, Use of waste glass in cement mortar, Volume 3, No 4, 2013
S.P. Gautam, Vikas Srivastava and V.C. Agarwal ,Use of glass wastes as fine aggregate in Concrete, Vol. 1(6) November 2012
Gerry Lee , Chi Sun Poon , Yuk Lung Wong, Tung Chai Ling , Effects of recycled fine glass aggregates on the properties of dry–mixed concrete blocks October 2012