1. Systems of Particles

2. Contents Introduction Application of Newton’s Laws: Effective Forces
Linear and Angular Momentum
Motion of Mass Center of System of Particles
Angular Momentum About Mass Center
Conservation of Momentum
Sample Problem 14.2
Kinetic Energy
Work-Energy Principle. Conservation of Energy
Principle of Impulse and Momentum
Sample Problem 14.4
Sample Problem 14.5
Variable Systems of Particles
Steady Stream of Particles
Steady Stream of Particles. Applications
Streams Gaining or Losing Mass
Sample Problem 14.6

3. Introduction
In the current chapter, you will study the motion of systems of particles.
The effective force of a particle is defined as the product of it mass and acceleration. It will be shown that the system of external forces acting on a system of particles is equipollent with the system of effective forces of the system.
The mass center of a system of particles will be defined and its motion described.
Application of the work-energy principle and the impulse-momentum principle to a system of particles will be described. Result obtained are also applicable to a system of rigidly connected particles, i.e., a rigid body.
Analysis methods will be presented for variable systems of particles, i.e., systems in which the particles included in the system change.

4. Application of Newton’s Laws. Effective Forces
Newton’s second law for each particle Pi in a system of n particles,
The system of external and internal forces acting on the entire system of particles is equivalent to the system of effective forces.
The system of external and internal forces on a particle is equivalent to the effective force of the particle.

5. Application of Newton’s Laws. Effective Forces
Summing over all the elements,
Since the internal forces occur in equal and opposite collinear pairs, the resultant force and couple due to the internal forces are zero,
The system of external forces and the system of effective forces are equipollent by not equivalent.

6. Linear & Angular Momentum
Linear momentum of the system of particles,
Angular momentum about fixed point O of system of particles,
Resultant of the external forces is equal to rate of change of linear momentum of the system of particles,
Moment resultant about fixed point O of the external forces is equal to the rate of change of angular momentum of the system of particles,

7. Motion of the Mass Center of a System of Particles
Mass center G of system of particles is defined by position vector which satisfies
Differentiating twice,
The mass center moves as if the entire mass and all of the external forces were concentrated at that point.

8. Angular Momentum About the Mass Center
Consider the centroidal frame of reference Gx’y’z’, which translates with respect to the Newtonian frame Oxyz.
The angular momentum of the system of particles about the mass center,
The centroidal frame is not, in general, a Newtonian frame.
The moment resultant about G of the external forces is equal to the rate of change of angular momentum about G of the system of particles.

9. Angular Momentum About the Mass Center
Angular momentum about G of particles in their absolute motion relative to the Newtonian Oxyz frame of reference.
Angular momentum about G of the particles in their motion relative to the centroidal Gx’y’z’ frame of reference,
Angular momentum about G of the particle momenta can be calculated with respect to either the Newtonian or centroidal frames of reference.

10. Conservation of Momentum
If no external forces act on the particles of a system, then the linear momentum and angular momentum about the fixed point O are conserved.
Concept of conservation of momentum also applies to the analysis of the mass center motion,
In some applications, such as problems involving central forces,

11. Sample Problem 14.2 SOLUTION:
Since there are no external forces, the linear momentum of the system is conserved.
Write separate component equations for the conservation of linear momentum.
Solve the equations simultaneously for the fragment velocities.
A 10-kg projectile is moving with a velocity of 30 m/s when it explodes into 2.5 and 7.5-kg fragments. Immediately after the explosion, the fragments travel in the directions qA = 45o and qB = 30o.
Determine the velocity of each fragment.

12. Sample Problem 14.2 SOLUTION:
Since there are no external forces, the linear momentum of the system is conserved. x y
Write separate component equations for the conservation of linear momentum.
x components:
y components:
Solve the equations simultaneously for the fragment velocities.

13. Kinetic Energy Kinetic energy of a system of particles,
Expressing the velocity in terms of the centroidal reference frame,
Kinetic energy is equal to kinetic energy of mass center plus kinetic energy relative to the centroidal frame.

14. Work-Energy Principle. Conservation of Energy
Principle of work and energy can be applied to each particle Pi ,
where represents the work done by the internal forces and the resultant external force acting on Pi .
Principle of work and energy can be applied to the entire system by adding the kinetic energies of all particles and considering the work done by all external and internal forces.
Although are equal and opposite, the work of these forces will not, in general, cancel out.
If the forces acting on the particles are conservative, the work is equal to the change in potential energy and
which expresses the principle of conservation of energy for the system of particles.

15. Principle of Impulse and Momentum
The momenta of the particles at time t1 and the impulse of the forces from t1 to t2 form a system of vectors equipollent to the system of momenta of the particles at time t2 .

16. Sample Problem 14.4 SOLUTION:
With no external horizontal forces, it follows from the impulse-momentum principle that the horizontal component of momentum is conserved. This relation can be solved for the velocity of B at its maximum elevation.
Ball B, of mass mB,is suspended from a cord, of length l, attached to cart A, of mass mA, which can roll freely on a frictionless horizontal tract. While the cart is at rest, the ball is given an initial velocity
Determine (a) the velocity of B as it reaches it maximum elevation, and (b) the maximum vertical distance h through which B will rise.
The conservation of energy principle can be applied to relate the initial kinetic energy to the maximum potential energy. The maximum vertical distance is determined from this relation.

17. Sample Problem 14.4 SOLUTION:
With no external horizontal forces, it follows from the impulse-momentum principle that the horizontal component of momentum is conserved. This relation can be solved for the velocity of B at its maximum elevation. x y
x component equation:
(velocity of B relative to A is zero at position 2)
Velocities at positions 1 and 2 are

18. Sample Problem 14.4
The conservation of energy principle can be applied to relate the initial kinetic energy to the maximum potential energy.
Position 1 - Potential Energy:
Kinetic Energy:
Position 2 - Potential Energy:

19. Sample Problem 14.5 SOLUTION:
There are four unknowns: vA, vB,x, vB,y, and vC.
Solution requires four equations: conservation principles for linear momentum (two component equations), angular momentum, and energy.
Ball A has initial velocity v0 = 3 m/s parallel to the axis of the table. It hits ball B and then ball C which are both at rest. Balls A and C hit the sides of the table squarely at A’ and C’ and ball B hits obliquely at B’.
Assuming perfectly elastic collisions, determine velocities vA, vB, and vC with which the balls hit the sides of the table.
Write the conservation equations in terms of the unknown velocities and solve simultaneously.

20. Sample Problem 14.5 The conservation of momentum and energy equations,x y
SOLUTION:
There are four unknowns: vA, vB,x, vB,y, and vC.
The conservation of momentum and energy equations,
Solving the first three equations in terms of vC,
Substituting into the energy equation,

21. Variable Systems of Particles
Kinetics principles established so far were derived for constant systems of particles, i.e., systems which neither gain nor lose particles.
A large number of engineering applications require the consideration of variable systems of particles, e.g., hydraulic turbine, rocket engine, etc.
For analyses, consider auxiliary systems which consist of the particles instantaneously within the system plus the particles that enter or leave the system during a short time interval. The auxiliary systems, thus defined, are constant systems of particles.

22. Steady Stream of Particles
System consists of a steady stream of particles against a vane or through a duct.
Define auxiliary system which includes particles which flow in and out over Dt.
The auxiliary system is a constant system of particles over Dt.

23. Steady Stream of Particles. Applications
Fluid Stream Diverted by Vane or Duct
Fan
Fluid Flowing Through a Pipe
Helicopter
Jet Engine

24. Streams Gaining or Losing Mass
Define auxiliary system to include particles of mass m within system at time t plus the particles of mass Dm which enter the system over time interval Dt.
The auxiliary system is a constant system of particles.

25. Sample Problem 14.6 SOLUTION:
Define a system consisting of the mass of grain on the chute plus the mass that is added and removed during the time interval Dt.
Apply the principles of conservation of linear and angular momentum for three equations for the three unknown reactions.
Grain falls onto a chute at the rate of 120 kg/s. It hits the chute with a velocity of 10 m/s and leaves with a velocity of 7.5 m/s. The combined weight of the chute and the grain it carries is 3000 N with the center of gravity at G.
Determine the reactions at C and B.

26. Sample Problem 14.6 SOLUTION:
Define a system consisting of the mass of grain on the chute plus the mass that is added and removed during the time interval Dt.
Apply the principles of conservation of linear and angular momentum for three equations for the three unknown reactions.
Solve for Cx, Cy, and B with