1. BTEC Level 3 Sport Unit 18: Sports Injuries Tutor: Jade Curry

2. Intrinsic or extrinsic? How can the risk lead to injury?
Recap
Intrinsic or extrinsic?
How can the risk lead to injury?
How can the risk be minimised?
Explain how…

3. Learning Outcomes By the end of the lesson you should be able to:
Identify and describe the signs and symptoms associated with sports injuries
Describe (and explain) the primary physiological response of clotting associated with sports injuries
Describe (and explain) the primary physiological response of inflammation associated with sports injuries

4. Q. What is meant by ‘physiological response’ and ‘psychological response’?

5. Physiological Response
The body’s physical mechanisms that respond when an injury takes place
These are initiated to repair and protect the damaged tissue
(Adams et al., 2010)

6. Psychological Responses The mental aspect of how an athlete copes and comes to terms with their injury and treatment (Adams et al., 2010)

7. Physiological Response There are a number of ways that the body responds to an injury... Q. What are these? Q. Signs? Q. Symptoms? Q. Short term? Q. Longer term? …relate to an injury you have had or witnessed.

8. Damage to the body tissue initiates the primary damage response mechanism
Signs and symptoms:
Pain
Inflammation
Accumulation of fluid
Redness
Tenderness
Reduced function
Reduced movement
Q. Why? What is going on?

9. Physiological Response
Injury
Primary damage responses
Clotting
Inflammation
Repair
Remodelling
Internal / external bleeding – concussion
Type of injury / severity of injury

10. Primary Damage Response
With the majority of sports injuries there will be bleeding
You might not always be able to see the bleeding initially…
The amount of bleeding will depend on…
Q. Terminology?
Q. Why does this happen?
Internal / external bleeding – concussion
Type of injury / severity of injury

11. Primary Damage Response
Intramuscular haematoma – in compartment
Intermuscular haematoma – spreads to surrounding areas
Q. Consequences
Q. What is the physiological response?
Spread to surrounding areas… more damage caused

13. Primary Damage Response – Clotting
When there is bleeding platelets are activated
These stick to damaged blood vessels
Q. Why is this important?
Haemophilia
Prevents blood loss
Starts clotting
Starts healing
Q. What next?

14. Learning Outcomes
By the end of the lesson you should be able to:
Describe (and explain) the primary physiological response of clotting associated with sports injuries
Describe (and explain) the primary physiological response of inflammation associated with sports injuries
Aim higher… Analyse the importance of these physiological responses
Aim higher… Analyse factors which may impact these responses

15. Primary Damage Response - Inflammation
What is inflammation?
Signs and symptoms of inflammation?
Stage of inflammation?
Importance?

16. Primary Damage Response - Inflammation
The process to remove harmful products
Vasodilation of arterioles
Increased permeability of capillaries
Increased white blood cells
Inflammation Video (2.10)
Q. Why are these responses important?

18. Primary Damage Response - Inflammation
The purposes…
Remove debris
Deliver o2 / nutrients
Reduce infection - wbcs
Recovery
Q. What next?

19. Task – Produce a flow diagram summarising the primary response to a sports injury

20. Primary Damage Response
Damage to tissue & capillaries
Bleeding
Lack of oxygen & nutrients to cells
Cell damage / death
Signals from damaged cells
Receptors
Brain
Vasoconstriction & activate platelets
Reduced blood flow and clotting
Repair capillaries
Restoration of blood flow
Primary Damage Response
Clotting
Prevents blood loss
Starts clotting
Starts healing

21. Primary Damage Response
Signals from damaged cells
Vasodilation
Increased blood flow
Increased permeability of capillaries
Increased pressure
WBC’s move to interstitial space
Swelling and redness
Pain
Phagocytosis
Cell damage removed, signals slow
Vasodilation reduces
Inflammation reduces
Primary Damage Response
Inflammation
Prevents blood loss
Starts clotting
Starts healing

22. The Primary Damage Responses
Injury / Tissue damage
Chemical released from damaged cells
The Primary Damage Responses
Vasoconstriction + Blood clotting
Vasodilation
Increased blood flow
Reduced function
Heat
Pain
Redness
Swelling

23. Aim higher… Analyse factors which may impact these responses
By the end of the lesson you should be able to:
Describe (and explain) the repair physiological response associated with sports injuries
Describe (and explain) the remodelling physiological response associated with sports injuries
Aim higher…Analyse the importance of these responses and factors impacting them
Aim higher… Analyse factors which may impact these responses

24. Repair The development of scar tissue replaces the tissue at the site of injury Scar tissue is mostly made of collagen However, this collagen is different to ligament and tendon collagen The collagen is not as strong or elastic The functioning of the tissue is reduced
Fibroblasts – lay down collagen
Q. Example injuries?

25. Sprains… what tissue? 1st Degree – stretching of ligament (no tear) 2nd Degree – partial tear 3rd Degree – complete tear, or detachment from bone Strains… what tissues? Grade 1 – minor damage to the muscle fibres Grade 2 – more extensive damage to the fibres Grade 3 – complete rupture

27. Explain the mechanism of injury – risk factors
Task
Explain the mechanism of injury – risk factors
Explain the primary damage response
Explain the repair process
Learners – scenario cards (pairs)
Tutor assessment / peer assessment – rotate tables
Q/A
Q. Terminology?
Q. Recap anatomy / hard tissue injuries
Q. Describe the risk factor / explain mechanism of injury
Q. Describe / explain the primary damage response
Q. Describe / explain the repair process
Ext Q. Factors affecting repair

28. Primary Response and Repair Injury Bleeding Clotting Inflammation The wound is ‘bridged’ Collagen fibres are produced (fibroblasts) A scar is formed
Q. What next?

29. Q. What treatment would occur at this stage?
Remodelling
Scar tissue developed will imitate the original tissue
If care is given, scarring will decrease
Strength and range of movement can improve
However, if not, scar tissue will shrink and limit ROM
Q. What treatment would occur at this stage?
Dynamic stretching – controlled moving movements to limits of ROM
Static stretching – holding stretches
Passive stretching – static stretching with a partner or apparatus
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation – static stretch, then force applied to stretch against resistance
Q/A
Q. How does injury affect the individual / performance?
Q. How can this be improved?
Q. What treatment / rehabilitation would occur?
Ext Q. Factors affecting repair / remodelling?
Ext – relate treatment / rehab to specific injury scenario

30. Untreated Healed Tissue
Normal Tissue

31. Non / partial / full weight bearing Increasing strength Increasing ROM
Rehabilitation
Non / partial / full weight bearing
Increasing strength
Increasing ROM
Dynamic stretching
Static stretching
Passive stretching
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
Dynamic stretching – controlled moving movements to limits of ROM
Static stretching – holding stretches
Passive stretching – static stretching with a partner or apparatus
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation – static stretch, then force applied to stretch against resistance
Q/A
Q. How does injury affect the individual / performance?
Q. How can this be improved?
Q. What treatment / rehabilitation would occur?
Ext Q. Factors affecting repair / remodelling?
Ext – relate treatment / rehab to specific injury scenario

32. Injury Clotting Inflammation Repair Remodelling
Why does each physiological response take place?
How are these important in the healing process
What factors could impact these responses? How? Examples?

33. Unit 18: Sports Injuries Task 2

34. Task 2 – Produce and deliver a presentation that will describe (P3/P4) explain (M2) and analyse (D1) the physiological and psychological responses common to most sports injuries
Physiological responses:
Damaged tissue – relate to a specific injury
Primary damage response (clotting and inflammation)
Healing response
Remodelling response

35. Learning Resources
NHS Sports Injuries Sports Injuries Clinic BBC Bitesize Treating Sports Injuries BUPA Avoiding Injuries