2. change within an individual that results from the chronic exposure
Acclimation
change within an individual that results from the chronic exposure
Changes that individuals display after they have been in new environments for days, weeks, or months
Change in how a gene is expressed
Change in phenotype not genotype
Tends to be reversible
Phenotypic plasticity

4. Heat Acclimatization Change in Gene Expression
expanded plasma volume
increased sodium chloride retention
reduced heart rate
Increased cardiac output to skin capillary beds and active muscle.
increased sweat rate, earlier onset of sweat production
Reversible: will revert to acute

6. b = rise / run
b = (log 40 – log 1) / (log 700 – log 10)
b = (1.6 – 0) / ( )
b = 1.6 / 1.85
b = 0.86

7. (log 40 – log a) / (log 700 – log 1) = b

8. Action Potential Stages: Summary
The resting potential = 1
Threshold potential
A graded potential is initiated = 2
The sodium voltage gated channels are first inactivated. = 5
The sodium voltage gated channels switch from inactivated to active but closed = 7
The potassium voltage channels open = 5
The end of the absolute refractory period = 7-8
The end of the relative refractory period = 8-9

9. The resting potential
Threshold potential
A graded potential is initiated
The sodium voltage gated channels are first inactivated.
The sodium voltage gated channels switch from inactivated to active but closed
The potassium voltage channels open
The end of the absolute refractory period
The end of the relative refractory period

10. Use the following information to answer the following questions
Use the following information to answer the following questions. SHOW ALL WORK
1. [K+] outside = 5 mM
[K+] inside = 150 mM
PK=20
2. [Na+] outside = 140 mM [
[Na+] inside = 10 mM
PNa=1

11. The Nernst Equation can be used to determine the potential difference for a single ion

12. What is the potential difference at the cell membrane for Sodium ions?
ENa =
58 * log (140/10) =
58 * log (14) =
58 * 1.15 =
66 mV
Significance?
maximum positive if only Na

13. What is the potential difference at the cell membrane for Potassium ions?
EK =
58 * log (5/150) =
58 * log = 58 * -
= -86 mV
Significance?
= maximum negative if only K

14. 2. The Goldmann Equation can be used to determine the resting potential when more than one ion is involved.

15. What is the resting potential for this cell?
58 * log [(20*5 + 1*140)/(20* *10)] =
58 * log [240/3010] =
58 * log [0.08] =
= 58 * -1.1
-63.7 mV =
resting potential

16. The diameter of a squid neuron is 200 microns
The diameter of a squid neuron is 200 microns. How many seconds does it take to travel about 3 m)?
velocity =
30 m/s
T = ?
T = d / v =
3 m / 30 m/sec =
3/30 sec =
0.1 sec

17. The above figure from your textbook is a typical illustration of an axon wrapped with Schwann cells with nodes of Ranvier in between.
In the above figure, the internodal length is about 40 mm and the internodal thickness (diameter) is about 9 mm.
In reality, a mammalian motor neuron with an internodal length of 1.5 mm, would have an thickness (diameter) of about 18 microns.

18. What is the ratio of internodal length to thickness for the figure?
IL / T =
40 mm / 9 mm =
4.4 to 1

19. What is the ratio of internodal length to thickness for an actual neuron?
IL / T =
1.5 mm / mm =
83.3 to 1

20. In the figure, the total length is about 100 mm
In the figure, the total length is about 100 mm. What is the correct length of the figure in mm if the illustration was proportionately accurate to the thickness of 9 mm.
Vertical exaggeration = 9 mm / mm = 500 X
distance is > than 2 internodes > 2*1.5 mm
1.5 mm * 2 * 500 = 1500 mm = 1.5 m
1.5 m * in / m = 59 in / 12 in / ft = 5 ft