1. Arizona School for the Arts
IRAQ
Andrea Kolich
Eastern Cultures
Arizona School for the Arts

3. The Topography of Iraq

4. Land Use

5. Oil Fields in Iraq

7. Ethnic Groups in Iraq

9. Mesopotamia
An ancient region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern-day Iraq.
Probably settled before 5000 B.C.
Home of numerous early civilizations, including Sumer, Akkad, Babylonia, and Assyria.

10. Fertile Crescent: A region of the Middle East from the Nile Valley to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

11. The Evolution of Writing
Sumerians invented the earliest known form of writing called cuneiform
Using a reed pen to make wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets.
Cuneiform is from the Latin word for wedge.
Sumerian scribes went through years of difficult schooling to acquire their skills.

12. The Babylonians
Invented the idea of a circle containing 360 degrees and the hour containing sixty minutes

13. Hammurabi’s Code
This was the first time a ruler attempted to solidify all of the laws that would govern a state.
He had artisans carve nearly 300 laws on a stone pillar for all to see.

14. Hammurabi’s Code
Criminal laws dealt with offenses against others. Hammurabi’s Code limited personal vengeance and encouraged social order.
Civil Law dealt with private rights and matters, such as business contracts, marriage, taxes, and divorce. Much of Hummurabi’s Code was designed to protect the powerless.

15. Sunni Ottomans vs Shia Safavids
Ottoman Rule ( ) 

17. British Invasion Ottoman Empire weakening during WWI
In 1914 signed treaty with Germany
Secured 3 provinces by 1918

18. Iraq under Sykes-Picot Agreement
1916

20. Key Terms Pan-Arab movement Economic Sanctions Mandates Bureaucrats
Coup
Occupation
Relied Supplies
Combatants
Social Welfare

21. Background:
The Constitutional
Monarchy

22. Revolts
Iraqis angered about going from Ottoman occupation to British occupation
Shia & Sunnis joined together to fight British
Thousands of Iraqis killed
Hundreds of British killed
Forced treaty

23. Faisal, 1st King of Iraq
Created by the British in 1921 from three Ottoman provinces – Mosul, Baghdad, & Basra.
Prince Faisal from Arabia becomes king.
Iraq gains formal independence in 1932.

25. Birth of a Nation Britain leaves 2 airbases
Britain continues to have oil interest
Iraq joins league of nations in 1932
Minorities excluded from government:
Rural, Shia, poor, Kurds

26. Iraq in the Inter-War Era
British maintained military bases.
The Iraq Petroleum Co. created (a joint British, French, & American business).
Iraqi oil helped the Allies during WW II.

27. British Occupation 1941 Weak monarchy Pan Arabism
Seven military coups between
Iraq engages in negotiations with Axis powers(Germany, Italy, Japan)
British occupy Iraq in 1941  increase authoritarianism.

29. 1958 Revolution
Violent overthrow of the monarchy by Iraqi military officers
Reaction to signing the Middle East Treaty Organization
Dictatorship under President Abd al-Karim Qasim (prime minister)
Creation of the Republic of Iraq
Friendly relations with USSR

32. Iraq Under Qasim Dictatorship under Abd al-Karim Qasim
Arab nation-Islam official religion
“Iraq first policy”
Formed alliance with Communist Party
Created communist-controlled militia, the People's Resistance Force
Created a constitution with Revolutionary Council representing 3 ethnic groups: Kurds, Sunni, Shia
Constitution granted freedom: race, nationality language or religion
Freed Kurds
Created housing in Baghdad for middle/lower class
RE-wrote constitution to include women

33. Iraq Under Qasim Wants to nationalize oil
Wants to get rid of western influence
Withdraws from Baghdad Pact (agreement in 1955 with by Iran,Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom to stop Soviet influence in Middle East
Law no. 90-seized 99% of land from British Petroleum Co.
As a result of this attempt, OPEC was created in 1960
Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela.

34. Iraq Under Qasim Divisions about course for country
Some support UAR-United Arab Republic led by Nasser (Syria & Egypt)
Qasim supported Communist party
Wants to annex Kuwait
Kurds revolt-want to separate
Assassination attempts (Saddam Hussein)

35. What does this remind you of?

36. 1963 & 1968 Coups 1952  Arab Socialist Baath Party created.
1963  Ramadan Revolution-Qasim would not join UAR, stop communism
Baath party coup-takes over government with help from the CIA.
CIA wants to reduce Soviet influence in Iraq
1968  Baath Party coup led by Major General Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr  His deputy was Saddam Hussein.

39. The Rise
& Rule of
Saddam Hussein

40. Pop Quiz-10 pts
List 2 ways Saddam’s regime chooses to strike fear into the common Iraqi populace.
What are some reasons Iranian citizens can be beaten, tortured, or killed?
Who did the Baath party get inspiration from?
Describe the role of video media during Hussein's reign.
What did Saddam do five days after he took power?
What role did U.S. play in the Iran/Iraq war? 
What tragic event took place within the Kurd city of Halabja? What is the U.S. Involvement with this?
Why did Hussein attack Iran? Why did  Hussein attack Kuwait?

41. Key Terms Containments No-fly zone Sanctions Infrastructure Liberation
Neo-conservatism
Capitalism
Doctrine
Deterrence
Unilateral
Preemptive

42. A Young Saddam Hussein (1937 - ?)
Born in Tikrit.
Peasant family with influential army relatives.
Tribal society.
Joined Baath Party at 20.
Aided in failed assassination of Qasim in 1959.
Saddam’s identity card when he was 10 years old.

43. Saddam’s Early Political Career
After 1963 coup, he was put in charge of the security service for the Baath party.
1979  he became president of Iraq when al-Bakr was persuaded to step down.
Saddam at 17.

44. A Cult of Personality

45. A Cult of Personality
1989 Victory Arch
Iran-Iraq War

46. Saddam’s Republican Guard The elite presidential security force.

47. Gassing the Kurds: 1988
Halabjah

48. Ali Hasa al-Majid (“Chemical Ali”)
I will kill them [the Kurds] all with chemical weapons!

49. A Reign of Terror: Mass Graves of Saddam’s Victims

50. The
Persian Gulf
War
( )

51. Iraq Invades Kuwait August 2, 1990 Needs money after war
UN Security Council Resolution 678 (authorized military force to be used against Iraq.)

52. “Operation Desert Storm”

53. General Norman Schwarzkopf
U. S. Military Leaders
General Colin Powell
General Norman Schwarzkopf

54. Range of Iraqi Missiles

55. Saddam Lobs SCUD Missiles
Israel & Saudi Arabia: Kills American Troops in Saudi Arabia

56. Kuwait is Liberated

57. “Highway of Death”

58. 400 Iraqi Oilfields on Fire An environmental disaster!

59. Containment
( )

60. Part II
2. What were the 3 main methods of containment?

61. Military-U. N. No-Fly Zones

62. Economic-Sanctions
United Nations Security Council resolution 661, The Council therefore decided that states should prevent:
the import of all products and commodities originating in Iraq or Kuwait;
any activities by their nationals or in their territories that would promote the export of products originating in Iraq or Kuwait, as well as the transfer of funds to either country for the purposes of such activities;
the sale of weapons or other military equipment to Iraq and Kuwait, excluding humanitarian aid;
the availability of funds or other financial or economic resources to either country, or to any commercial, industrial or public utility operating within them, except for medical or humanitarian purposes.

63. Part II
3. Describe the negative effects of sanction on the Iraqi society?

64. Effects of Sanctions Food shortages
Outbreak of disease-Cholera, typhoid
High unemployment
No School for children
2 million fled
Crime
500,000 children dead
Iraqis blamed UN and U.S.

67. The
Iraq War
( )

68. Key Terms Crimes against humanity Insurgency Fundamentalist
Ethnic cleansing
Trade Union
Displaces
“brain drain”
Refugee

69. Part II
6.Which countries did President Bush label the “Axis of Evil”? 8. List three reasons Bush admin supported war in Iraq

70. Reasons for Going to War Against Saddam (according to the U. S
Reasons for Going to War Against Saddam (according to the U. S. and Britain)
Saddam kicked out U.N. weapons inspectors.
WMDs  Weapons of Mass Destruction.
Saddam did not obey the No-Fly Zone limitations.
US claimed there was a 9/11 connection w/ al Qaeda
He was a savage dictator.
Stop Saddam before he can launch nuclear missiles against Israel, Europe, or even the United States.

71. Bush Doctrine Axis of evil-Iran, Iraq and North Korea
Must prevent terrorism
Aluminum tubes
Uranium from Niger
Drones
Chemical & Biological Weapons
al Qaeda

72. Part II
11. Why did many military officials criticize plans for an invasion? 12. List 3 reasons why some people criticized invasion. 13. Support of war and 9/11

73. Part II
6.Which countries did President Bush label the “Axis of Evil”? 8. List three reasons Bush admin supported war in Iraq

74. The Media

75. The Media

76. Support for the War- Coalition of the Willing
U.S.*
Great Britain*
Australia
Poland*
Portugal
Italy
Israel
Japan
* Send troops
Against
France
Germany
Russia
Mexico
All Africa
Most Middle East
UN will NOT authorize US led war

78. Coalition forces attack Baghdad (again).
“Shock & Awe!”
Coalition forces attack Baghdad (again).

79. PART III
What did US troops accomplish during first three weeks of invasion?

80. Map showing Advance

81. Anti-War Protestors

82. The Dictator is “Toppled”
3 weeks

83. “Mission Accomplished”
President George W. Bush lands on board the USS Abraham Lincoln (May, 2003)

84. Saddam Is Captured!
December 14, 2003

85. PART III
2. In wake of invasion, what did US officials claim about WMD & links to 9/11?

86. Did the US find WMD?
None found
No link between Iraq and Al-Qaeda

87. The
Occupation

88. PART III
3. What is the CPA? Why did Iraqis criticize it?

89. Interim-CPA (Coalition Provisional Authority)
De-Baathification
Army
Police
Government
Hired private American companies to rebuild Iraq
Few Iraqis hired for reconstruction
Opened economy foreign powers

90. An Interim Iraqi Government is Created (June, 2004)
Prime Minister Allawi
Interim Prime Minister:
Shia Muslim

91. Elections-January 2005 Nouri al-Maliki: Prime Minister 2006-2014
Shia Muslim
Leader of Islamic Dawa Party

92. Former Baathists and foreign terrorists (Al-Qaida, etc.)
A Growing Insurgency
Former Baathists and foreign terrorists (Al-Qaida, etc.)

93. PART III
6. What were some of the major concerns of the Sunni Arab militants?

94. The Insurgency
CPA’s Economic/political failure did not meet everyday needs of people
Made up of Sunni Arabs from Baath party who did not have work
Resisted violence from Shia majority in power

96. Divisions in Iraq Increased tension between Sunni, Shia, Kurds
Increase in violence among militant fundamentalist groups on both sides
Al-Qaeda in Iraq-moves in during chaos

97. PART III
7. Death toll?

98. 100,000-1,000,000 Iraqis Dead

99. ? Iraqis Wounded!

100. Effects of War Political- Still small number of elites in charge
Shia Muslims in charge
Economic-
CPA cut taxes on imports, businesses collapsed
Rampant corruption
Brian Drain
Health-
100,000-1 million dead
Hospitals damaged
Lack of safe drinking water

101. PART III
8. Refugees?
Internal?
External?
9. Treatment of women?

102. Effects of War 2.4 million refugees 2.7 internally displaced
Human Rights
Religious /ethnic minorities increase violence
Refugees
2.4 million refugees
2.7 internally displaced
Women’s Rights
Fundamentalist leaders restrict women
No longer going to school
Harassment
Honor killings
Artifacts
War destroyed
Stolen
25% ancient books, texts destroyed

103. PART III
10. What was Abu Ghraib?

104. The Scandal at Abu Ghraib Prison

105. PART III
12. What is PTSD? 13. What is financial cost? 14. How did war affect foreign relations?

106. Impact to US
Economy
War cost over a trillion dollars (estimated at $50-60 billion)
Foreign Relations
Rejected idea of international
cooperation
Turkey views as unpopular
Increase in terrorism
Veterans
200,000+ cases PTSD
18 suicides a day from vets
Domestic violence up 177%
Sexual assault tripled
Divorce rates high

107. 5000+ American Casualties

108. 32,000+ Americans Wounded

109. One of many female soldiers killed or wounded in Iraq.
Capt. Dawn Halfaker
One of many female soldiers killed or wounded in Iraq.

110. Terror Attacks in Iraq

111. Terror Attacks in Middle East

112. Conclusion War lasted from 2003-2011
Still have personnel in Iraq ~ 20,000
Death toll unknown- estimates:
500, million
Total causalities unknown- estimates for U.S.
970,000 disability claims with VA
Costs 4.4 trillion dollars